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India's physics experience

机译：印度的物理经验

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The twentieth century saw revolutionary developments in the physical sciences. Its consequences for economic and lifestyle change are reverberating across the world, starting from its North. While life sciences are the obvious centres of attention in the beginning of this century, physics continues to bc vital in science and technology and there is active engagement with questions such as its future and indeed of science itself. In this article, while 1 do not touch upon the last question, which is the most difficult and significant, I will recount the Indian Physics experience of the last century. Some features of the present state are pointed out, and a few suggestions for change made. This essay is clearly a personal view. The emphasis of India's comprehensive intellectual culture was broadly linguistic, philosophical and literary. However, thinking about the physical world, inventing mathematical ideas and languages, and experimentation and technology, all have ancient roots. I mention one example of each of the above, because consciously or not, this is one of the formative influences of contemporary Indian activity in physics. The atomic theory was hypothesized by Kafiada (6th century BC) who, along with Pra~astapada, was the founder of the philosophical school called Nyaya Vaiseshika or Logical Atomism. Their argument for the particulate nature of matter was the manifest inequality of different bits of it; if matter were infinitely divisible, how could a mustard seed be unequal to the Meru mountain? The philosophers of this school went on to describe diatomic and triatomic molecules formed of elementary atoms, thermal dissociation of molecules, and shape and size of atoms. The Kerala school of mathematicians, starting with Madhava in the 14th century, discovered and used differential and integral calculus in the course of expressing trigonometric functions as infinite power series, obtaining the famous series of Gregory, Newton and Leibniz and thence a value of #pi# accurate to 11 decimals, all this two to three centuries before Newton and Leibniz. The famous Bulat or Damascus steels, prized by sword-wielding crusaders, are well known to have come from India, where the process of making wootz or ultrahigh carbon steel with the desired microstructure was highly developed. The fertile coming together of these three kinds of activity, a hallmark of contemporary science, did not happen and it was with the British conquest of India that science as we know it today entered the country. Some of the early landmarks of scientific discovery in India are directly connected with British rule, e.g. the discovery of gravity anomalies in the Himalayas by officers of the Trigonometrical Survey of India in the 1860s and its implications for the structure of the earth, and the discovery (in the 1890s) by Sir Ronald Ross of the Indian Medical Service that anopheles mosquitoes carry malaria.
机译：二十世纪物理科学发生了革命性的发展。从北部开始，它对经济和生活方式改变的后果在世界各地回荡。尽管生命科学是本世纪初显而易见的关注中心，但是物理学在科学技术中仍然是至关重要的，并且人们积极参与诸如其未来乃至科学本身之类的问题。在本文中，虽然1没有涉及最后一个问题，这是最困难和最重要的，但我将讲述上个世纪的印度物理学经验。指出了当前状态的一些特征，并提出了一些改变的建议。这篇文章显然是个人观点。印度全面的知识文化的重点是语言，哲学和文学。但是，思考物理世界，发明数学思想和语言，以及实验和技术都具有悠久的历史。我提到了上述每种情况的一个示例，因为无论是否有意识地，这都是当代印度物理学活动的形成性影响之一。原子理论是由卡菲达（Kafiada）（公元前6世纪）提出的，他与普拉斯塔帕达（Pra〜astapada）一起创立了名为Nyaya Vaiseshika或逻辑原子论的哲学学派。他们对物质的颗粒性质的论证是物质不同部分的明显不平等。如果物质可以无限地整除，那么芥菜籽怎么会不等于梅鲁山呢？这所学校的哲学家继续描述了由基本原子形成的双原子和三原子分子，分子的热解离以及原子的形状和大小。喀拉拉邦的数学家学派从14世纪的Madhava开始，在将三角函数表示为无穷幂级数的过程中发现并使用了微分和积分学，获得了著名的Gregory，Newton和Leibniz级数，因此得到了#pi的值。 ＃精确到11位小数，在牛顿和莱布尼兹之前的所有这两个到三个世纪中都是如此。众所周知，Bulat或大马士革钢被举起剑的十字军所珍视，它来自印度，在那里，具有所需显微组织的超低音或超高碳钢的制造工艺得到了高度发展。这三种活动是当代科学的标志，没有发生富饶的融合，而今天我们所知道的科学是随着英国对印度的征服而进入该国的。印度的一些科学发现的早期标志性建筑与英国统治直接相关，例如1860年代印度三角测量局人员在喜马拉雅山发现重力异常及其对地球结构的影响，印度医疗服务部门的罗纳德·罗斯爵士（1890年代）发现了按蚊的蚊子疟疾。

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