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The new generation

机译：新一代

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Grain yields are soaring on East German farms as 10 years of neglect are turned into profit. Blackgrass, ryegrass, septoria, mildew, slugs in abundance -- sounds familiar? But 12t/ha of group two milling wheat. Maybe not? Winter temperatures of minus 10-15 deg C for long periods, falling occasionally to -25 deg C, underline that this is not East Anglia. Meet the new generation of arable farmers in eastern Germany who are back on track after correcting the mismanagement of years of communist neglectof their soils and fields. These are not the proud possessors of the top quality silt soils of the northern coasts or of southern Germany, but 400-500ha family farms with the equivalent of the UK's grade 2 or 3 soils. Winters are hard, summers are dry and long with no irrigation, yet they have evolved simple rotations and minimum tillage methods designed to restore fertility which can bring yields even from the poorest soils up to 8t/ha of milling wheat. It has meant many changes on farms that had languished in the communist collective system for almost 50 years. Uwe Tollgreve managed the arable fields for a state farm with 2,000 dairy cows. "The arable land was there just to get rid of the manure, and with so much manure there was continual driving on the arable land," he says. State farms worked to a fixed system, explains Dieter Horsthemke, general manager of machinery firm Kockerling. If the manual for growing barley said it should be drilled on 1 September, it was drilled on I September regardless of the soil conditions or weather. Likewise, if the local agricultural committee ordered spraying then the farms were sprayed whether it was windy or raining. All straw was removed from the fields, which were always ploughed, resulting in extensive panning through which roots had difficulty penetrating and increasingly inert soils. After reunification, state farms were largely sold off and broken up by the agricultural Treuhand, the organisation responsible for disposing of these government assets. Former owners reclaimed some where they could prove title. Even those large farms of several thousand hectares or more, which were able to stay in business as companies, were forced to shed sometimes hundreds of workers because of chronic overstaffing. Itis common now for farmers from West Germany to have land in the former Eastern bloc or for young farmers from the west to make their first entry into farming on their own account in the east. Outwardly, there is little different to see when passing fromthe arable lands of Schleswig-Holstein in the former west into Nordrhein-Westphalen in the east -- the tractors are predominantly John Deere and the Combines Claas -- but that masks 10 years of gradual progress in bringing neglected soils back into profitable production.
机译：由于10年的疏忽变成了利润，东德农场的粮食产量正在飙升。黑草，黑麦草，黑麦草，霉，大量的-听起来很熟悉吗？但是第二组碾磨小麦为12t / ha。也许不会？冬季长期负10-15摄氏度，偶尔会降至-25摄氏度，这说明这里不是东英吉利。与德国东部的新一代可耕种农民会面，他们纠正了多年来共产党人对其土壤和田地的疏忽所造成的错误管理，从而重回正轨。这些并不是北部沿海地区或德国南部优质土壤的骄傲地拥有者，而是400-500公顷的家庭农场，相当于英国的2或3级土壤。冬天很艰难，夏天又干旱又漫长，没有灌溉，但是他们已经发展出简单的轮作和最小耕作的方法，旨在恢复肥力，即使从最贫瘠的土壤中收获的小麦也能达到单产8吨/公顷。这意味着对农业的许多变革在近50年的共产主义集体体制中停滞不前。 Uwe Tollgreve管理着拥有2000头奶牛的国有农场的耕地。他说：“那里的耕地只是为了清除肥料，而肥料太多了，耕地就会不断行驶。”机械公司科克林总经理Dieter Horsthemke解释说，国有农场采用固定系统。如果大麦生长手册要求在9月1日进行钻孔，则无论土壤条件或天气如何，都应在9月1日进行钻孔。同样，如果当地农业委员会下令进行喷洒，则无论大风还是下雨都对农场进行喷洒。将所有秸秆从田地中移出，这些田地总是被耕种，导致广泛的淘选，使根部难以穿透并且土壤变得越来越惰性。统一后，国有农场主要由农业Treuhand出售并分解，该组织负责处置这些政府资产。前所有者在可以证明所有权的地方收回了一些土地。即使是那些面积达数千公顷或更大的大型农场，它们能够作为公司继续经营，但由于长期的人员过多，有时甚至不得不裁减数百名工人。现在，来自西德的农民通常会在前东欧集团拥有土地，或者来自西部的年轻农民首次以自己的名义在东部从事农业生产已经很普遍。从外部看，从前西部的石勒苏益格-荷尔斯泰因州的耕地进入东部的北莱茵-威斯特法伦州时，几乎没有什么不同-拖拉机主要是约翰迪尔和联合收割机克拉斯-但这掩盖了10年的逐步发展使被忽视的土壤重新恢复盈利。

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