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Tap into your water needs

机译：充分利用您的水需求

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A poorly designed irrigation system could be literally flushing money down the drain. Big is beautiful in irrigation. Systems should be beefy enough to pump the correct amount of water when it is needed most, and in the most cost-efficient way. Scepticism about claims made for some off-the-peg systems would also not be amiss, says Bill Basford, of ADAS Gleadthorpe. When ADAS are called in to deal with poor irrigation performance, they expect to find three-quarters of rainguns are operating below the intended pressure, and 60-70 percent with other faults dragging performance below par. Be realistic too about the true amount of time and labour that is both needed and available to manage a system. An irrigation plan based on 22 hours working is frequently unattainable despite advances that mean irrigators can be left unsupervised much of the time. Effective irrigation planning starts with the cropping proposals. You must know what you will be growing, its ideal water requirement and where it is going to be placed in your fields. This determines the water flow needed, how machines are going to be placed in the field, and where water hydrants should be. With hosereel machines the distance from the main to the machine connector should be no more than400m. For long fields, that will probably mean hydrants positioned 600-800m apart to allow turntable machines to work in both directions. With some high value crops, growers leave a couple of rows or a bed unplanted for easy access for a raingun trolleyor sledge. For hosereel systems, 'that may mean access lanes every 50-80m. Boom irrigators can require closer lanes but some new boom machines are designed for 72m standard spacing. Attention to bed design is important to avoid potential erosion from thelarge droplets often produced by rainguns. Flat or dish-shaped beds will contain the water better than steep-sided beds more prone to erosion and loss of fertiliser and chemicals. Correct raingun pressure reduces the risk of large droplets, while boom irrigators generally produce a finer spray. All fields should be assessed for run-off potential, particularly from tractor wheelings. Even a slight slope of less than 5 percent can have a marked effect on the degree of infiltration by irrigation water, losing 10 percent to the incline (see table below). It may be possible to use crop row or bed alignment, as well as tied ridges linking rows or beds, to reduce this run-off.
机译：设计不当的灌溉系统可能会从字面上冲洗掉钱。大在灌溉中是美丽的。系统应足够强大，以便在最需要时以最经济高效的方式抽出适量的水。 ADAS Gleadthorpe的比尔·巴斯福德（Bill Basford）说，对某些现成系统提出的要求持怀疑态度的想法也不容忽视。当要求ADAS处理灌溉性能不佳时，他们希望发现四分之三的雨枪在低于预期压力的情况下运行，而60％至70％的雨炮由于其他故障而使性能低于标准水准。对于管理系统所需和可利用的真实时间和人力，也要现实一些。尽管取得了一些进展，这意味着在很多时候可以不对灌溉器进行监督，但基于22小时工作的灌溉计划却常常无法实现。有效的灌溉计划始于播种建议。您必须知道您将要种植什么，理想的水需求量以及将其放置在您的田地中的位置。这决定了所需的水流量，机器在现场的放置方式以及消火栓的位置。对于软管卷取机，从主机到机器连接器的距离不应超过400m。对于较长的田地，这可能意味着消火栓之间的距离为600-800m，以使转盘机器可以在两个方向上工作。种植了一些高价值的农作物，种植者会留下几行或一张床没有种植，以方便拿到雨枪手推车或雪橇。对于水喉系统，“可能意味着每50-80m就有一条通道。动臂式灌溉机可能需要更窄的车道，但一些新的动臂式机器设计用于72m标准间距。注意床的设计对于避免雨枪经常产生的大水滴造成潜在的侵蚀非常重要。平整或碟形的床比陡峭的床更容易含水，更容易腐蚀和损失化肥和化学药品。正确的雨枪压力可降低大水滴的风险，而吊杆灌溉机通常可产生更细的喷雾。应评估所有田地的径流潜力，尤其是拖拉机车轮的径流潜力。即使坡度小于5％，也会对灌溉水的渗透程度产生明显影响，使坡度损失10％（请参见下表）。可以使用作物行或床的对齐方式，以及连接行或床的绑脊来减少径流。

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