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Risk and the South Asian monsoon

机译：风险和南亚季风

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South Asia’s dependence on the monsoon has always been a source of economic uncertainty. This paper examines the history of ways of thinking about the monsoon and risk, focusing on India. The science of meteorology, and a growing interest in ways to mitigate monsoon risk, developed in response to major famines. Piecemeal interventions, including a series of canals and small dams, began India’s hydraulic transformation. By the middle of the twentieth century, massive hydraulic engineering emerged as the dominant solution to controlling the monsoon’s risks. Large dams account for the largest share of government expenditure in independent India, but since the 1960s, intensive and mostly unregulated groundwater exploitation has played a greater role in meeting irrigation needs. The expansion in India’s irrigated area and an expansion in food production. But this has come at a cost: millions have been displaced by dam construction; groundwater exploitation has reached unsustainable levels, and has had an effect on regional climate.
机译：南亚对季风的依赖一直是经济不确定性的源泉。本文探讨了思考季风和风险的历史，重点关注印度。气象学科学，以及对季风风险的方式日益增长的兴趣，以应对主要饥荒制定。零碎的干预措施，包括一系列运河和小型水坝，开始印度的液压变换。到二十世纪中叶，大规模的水力工程作为控制季风风险的主导解决方案。大型水坝占政府在独立印度的最大份额的份额，但自20世纪60年代以来，密集和大多数不受监管的地下水开采在满足灌溉需求方面发挥了更大的作用。印度灌溉区域的扩张和粮食生产的扩张。但这已成本：数百万人已经被大坝建设流离失所;地下水开采已达到不可持续的水平，并对区域气候产生了影响。

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