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No net loss for people and biodiversity

机译：人和生物多样性没有净损失

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Governments, businesses, and lenders worldwide are adopting an objective of no net loss (NNL) of biodiversity that is often partly achieved through biodiversity offsetting within a hierarchy of mitigation actions. Offsets aim to balance residual losses of biodiversity caused by development in one location with commensurate gains at another. Although ecological challenges to achieve NNL are debated, the associated gains and losses for local stakeholders have received less attention. International best practice calls for offsets to make people no worse off than before implementation of the project, but there is a lack of clarity concerning how to achieve this with regard to people's use and nonuse values for biodiversity, especially given the inevitable trade-offs when compensating biodiversity losses with gains elsewhere. This is particularly challenging for countries where poor people depend on natural resources. Badly planned offsets can exacerbate poverty, and development and offset impacts can vary across spatial-temporal scales and by location, gender, and livelihood. We conceptualize the no-worse-off principle in the context of NNL of biodiversity, by exploring for whom and how the principle can be achieved. Changes in the spatial and temporal distribution of biodiversity-related social impacts of a development and its associated offset can lead to social inequity and negatively impact people's well-being. The level of aggregation (regional, village, interest group, household, and individual) at which these social impacts are measured and balanced can again exacerbate inequity in a system. We propose that a determination that people are no worse off, and preferably better off, after a development and biodiversity offset project than they were before the project should be based on the perceptions of project-affected people (assessed at an appropriate level of aggregation); that their well-being associated with biodiversity losses and gains should be at least as
机译：全球各国政府，企业和贷方正在采用没有生物多样性的净损失（NNL）的目标，这些生物多样性通常通过在缓解行动的等级中抵消的生物多样性部分地实现。抵消旨在平衡由一个地点的开发引起的生物多样性的残余损失，并在另一个地区的相称收益。虽然实现NNL的生态挑战是争议的，但当地利益攸关方的相关收益和损失受到不太关注。国际最佳实践要求抵消，让人们不会比在实施项目前更糟糕，但有关如何在人民使用和生物多样性的非使用价值方面缺乏清晰度，特别是考虑到不可避免的权衡时在其他地方获得收益的生物多样性损失。对于贫困人群依赖自然资源的国家来说，这尤其具有挑战性。规划的抵消可能会加剧贫困，发展和偏移的影响可能因空间尺度和地点，性别和生计而变化。我们通过探索谁以及如何实现原则，概念生物多样性的背景下的不违反的原则。生物多样性相关社会影响的空间和时间分布的变化及其相关抵消可能导致社会不公平，对人们的福祉产生负面影响。测量这些社会影响和平衡的聚合水平（区域，村，兴趣小组，家庭和个人）可以再次加剧系统的不公平。我们建议，在开发和生物多样性抵消项目之后，人们越来越好，优选地更好地脱离，而且优于项目应该基于项目受影响的人（在适当的汇总评估） ;他们与生物多样性损失和收益相关的幸福应该至少是

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