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首页> 外文期刊>Equine Veterinary Education >What Does the Eggshell Cuticle Do? A Functional Comparison of Avian Eggshell Cuticles
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What Does the Eggshell Cuticle Do? A Functional Comparison of Avian Eggshell Cuticles

机译：蛋壳角质层做了什么？ 禽蛋壳切片的功能比较

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摘要

The avian eggshell is a highly ordered structure with several layers (mammillae, palisades, and vertical crystal layer) composed of calcium carbonate (similar to 96%) and minerals within an organic matrix. The cuticle is a noncalcified layer that covers the eggshells of most bird species. Eggshells are multifunctional structures that have evolved in response to diverse embryonic requirements and challenges, including protection from microbial infection, nest flooding, and exposure to solar radiation. However, experimental evidence for these functions across diverse taxa is currently limited. Here we investigated the effects of nanosphere cuticles on (1) bacterial attachment and transshell penetration, (2) eggshell wettability, (3) water vapor conductance, and (4) regulation of ultraviolet (UV) reflectance in seven ground-nesting bird species. We found considerable interspecific variation in ultrastructure and chemical composition of cuticles. Experimental removal of the cuticle confirmed that all nanospheres were highly effective at decreasing attachment of bacteria to shell surfaces and at preventing bacterial penetration. Cuticles also greatly decreased the amount of UV reflected by eggshells. In species with particularly small nanospheres, gas exchange was reduced by the presence of cuticle. Our results support the hypothesis that microbes and solar UV radiation can cause strong selection on bird eggs but also show that we need a greater understanding about the effects of specific nesting conditions (e.g., hydric and gaseous milieu) on embryo well-being and eggshell structure variation.
机译：禽蛋壳是一种高度有序的结构，具有几层（Mammilleae，Palisades和垂直晶体层），由碳酸钙（类似于96％）和有机基质内的矿物质组成。角质层是覆盖大多数鸟类的蛋壳的非钙化层。蛋壳是多功能结构，其响应于不同的胚胎要求和挑战而发展，包括免受微生物感染，巢灌溉和暴露于太阳辐射的保护。但是，目前有限的各种分类群体的这些功能的实验证据。在这里，我们研究了纳米角膜结饰对（1）细菌附着和Transshell渗透，（2）蛋壳润湿性，（3）水蒸气电导和（4）调节紫外（UV）反射率在七个地面嵌套鸟类中的调节。我们发现了明显的色织化学和化学成分的相当大的差异变化。模具的实验去除证实，所有纳米球都在减少对壳表面的附着和预防细菌渗透的情况下的高度有效。结茎也大大降低了蛋壳反射的紫外线量。在具有特别小的纳米球的物种中，通过角质层的存在降低了气体交换。我们的结果支持微生物和太阳能紫外线辐射可能对鸟类造成强烈选择的假设，但也表明我们需要更好地了解特定嵌套条件（例如，Hydric和Falous Milieu）对胚胎井和蛋壳结构的影响变化。

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