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Surface processing for bulk niobium superconducting radio frequency cavities

机译：散装铌超导射频空腔的表面处理

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摘要

The majority of niobium cavities for superconducting particle accelerators continue to be fabricated from thin-walled (2-4mm) polycrystalline niobium sheet and, as a final step, require material removal from the radio frequency (RF) surface in order to achieve performance needed for use as practical accelerator devices. More recently bulk niobium in the form of, single-or large-grain slices cut from an ingot has become a viable alternative for some cavity types. In both cases the so-called damaged layer must be chemically etched or electrochemically polished away. The methods for doing this date back at least four decades, however, vigorous empirical studies on real cavities and more fundamental studies on niobium samples at laboratories worldwide have led to seemingly modest improvements that, when taken together, constitute a substantial advance in the reproducibility for surface processing techniques and overall cavity performance. This article reviews the development of niobium cavity surface processing, and summarizes results of recent studies. We place some emphasis on practical details for real cavity processing systems which are difficult to find in the literature but are, nonetheless, crucial for achieving the good and reproducible cavity performance. New approaches for bulk niobium surface treatment which aim to reduce cost or increase performance, including alternate chemical recipes, barrel polishing and 'nitrogen doping' of the RF surface, continue to be pursued and are closely linked to the requirements for surface processing.
机译：用于超导颗粒促进剂的大多数铌腔继续由薄壁（2-4mm）多晶铌片制成，作为最后一步，需要从射频（RF）表面的材料去除以实现所需的性能用作实用加速器设备。最近，来自铸锭切割的单粒或大粒切片形式的散装铌已成为一些腔类型的可行替代方案。在这两种情况下，必须化学蚀刻或电化学抛光所谓的损坏层。然而，在全球实验室的实际蛀牙和更基本的研究中进行这一日期的方法至少有四十年的经验研究导致了看似适度的改善，在一起，在一起，构成重现性的实质性进展表面处理技术和总腔性能。本文综述了铌腔表面处理的发展，并总结了最近研究的结果。我们对实际腔加工系统的实际细节进行了一些强调，这是难以在文献中找到的，而是难以实现良好和可再现的腔性能至关重要。散毛铌表面处理的新方法，旨在降低成本或增加性能，包括射频表面的替代化学品食谱，桶抛光和“氮掺杂”，继续与表面处理的要求密切相关。

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