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Overview of glutamatergic neurotransmission in the nervous system

机译：神经系统谷氨酸神经传递综述概述

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This introductory article to the special edition on glutamate neurotransmission in neuropsychiatric disorders provides an overview of glutamate neurotransmitter system physiology and pharmacology. Glutamate was only relatively recently recognized as the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian brain, in part due to its ubiquitous nature and diverse metabolic roles within the CNS. The extremely high concentration of glutamate in brain tissue paired with its excitotoxic potential requires tight physiological regulation of extracellular glutamate levels and receptor signaling in order to assure optimal excitatory neurotransmission but limits excitotoxic damage. In order to achieve this high level of control, the system has developed a complex physiology with multiple regulatory processes modulating glutamate metabolism, release, receptor signaling, and uptake. The basic physiology of the various regulatory components of the system including the rich receptor pharmacology is briefly reviewed. Potential contributions from each of the system's components to the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric illnesses are briefly discussed, as are the many new pharmacological targets for drug development provided by the system, especially as they pertain to the proceeding preclinical and clinical articles in this issue.
机译：本介绍性文章在神经精神疾病中谷氨酸神经递质的特别版本提供了谷氨酸神经递质系统生理学和药理学的概述。谷氨酸只有相对最近被认为是哺乳动物大脑中的主要兴奋性神经递质，部分是由于其在CNS中的无处不在的性质和不同的代谢作用。脑组织中极高浓度的谷氨酸含量与其兴奋毒性潜力配对需要细胞外谷氨酸水平和受体信号传导的严重生理调节，以确保最佳的兴奋性神经递质，但限制兴奋毒性损伤。为了达到这种高水平的控制，该系统已经开发出一种复杂的生理学，具有调节谷氨酸代谢，释放，受体信号传导和摄取的多种调节过程。简要综述了包括富受体药理学的系统各种调节组分的基本生理学。简要讨论了每个系统对神经精神疾病疾病病理生理学的潜在贡献，也是该系统提供的药物开发的许多新的药理学靶标，特别是它们在本问题中涉及前期临床前和临床制品。

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