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首页> 外文期刊>Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior >Nicotine content and abstinence state have different effects on subjective ratings of positive versus negative reinforcement from smoking
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Nicotine content and abstinence state have different effects on subjective ratings of positive versus negative reinforcement from smoking

机译：尼古丁含量和禁欲状态对来自吸烟的积极增强的主观评级不同的影响

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Despite the well-known adverse health consequences of smoking, approximately 20% of US adults smoke tobacco cigarettes. Much of the research on smoking reinforcement and the maintenance of tobacco smoking behavior has focused on nicotine; however, a number of other non-nicotine factors are likely to influence the reinforcing effects of smoked tobacco. A growing number of studies suggest that non-nicotine factors, through many pairings with nicotine, are partially responsible for the reinforcing effect of smoking. Additionally, both clinical studies and preclinical advances in our understanding of nicotinic receptor regulation suggest that abstinence from smoking may influence smoking reinforcement. These experiments were conducted for 2 reasons: to validate a MRI-compatible cigarette smoking device; and to simultaneously investigate the impact of nicotine, smoking-associated conditioned reinforcers, and smoking abstinence state on subjective ratings of smoking reinforcement. Participants smoked nicotine and placebo cigarettes through an fMRI compatible device in an overnight-abstinent state or in a nonabstinent state, after having smoked a cigarette 25 minutes prior. Outcome measures were within-subject changes in physiology and subjective ratings of craving and drug effect during the smoking of nicotine or placebo cigarettes on different days in both abstinence states. Cigarette type (nicotine vs. placebo) had a significant effect on positive subjective ratings of smoking reinforcement ("High", "Like Drug", "Feel Drug"; nicotine > placebo). In contrast, abstinence state was found to have significant effects on both positive and negative ratings of smoking reinforcement ("Crave", "Anxiety", "Irritability"; abstinence > nonabstinence). Interaction effects between abstinence and nicotine provide clues about the importance of neuroadaptive mechanisms operating in dependence, as well as the impact of conditioned reinforcement on subjective ratings of smoking-induced high. ? 2012 Elsevier Inc.
机译：尽管吸烟的众所周知的不利健康后果，但大约20％的美国成年人烟雾卷烟。关于吸烟强化和维持烟草吸烟行为的大部分都集中在尼古丁上;然而，许多其他非尼古丁因素可能会影响烟熏烟草的增强效果。越来越多的研究表明，通过许多与尼古丁配对的非尼古丁因素部分地负责吸烟的增强效果。此外，我们对烟碱受体调节理解的临床研究和临床前进步表明，禁止吸烟可能会影响吸烟加固。进行了这些实验2原因：验证MRI兼容的吸烟装置;并同时研究尼古丁，吸烟有条件调节增强剂的影响，吸烟禁欲状态对吸烟加固的主观评级。参与者通过FMRI兼容设备熏制了尼古丁和安慰剂香烟，以一夜之间繁文的状态或在一个非典型的状态下，在之前熏制了一支烟。结果措施是在禁止禁止州不同日子的尼古丁或安慰剂卷烟中渴望和药物效果的生理学和主观评级的受试者内容。卷烟类型（尼古丁与安慰剂）对吸烟钢筋的积极主观评级（“高”，“像药物”，“感觉药物”;尼古丁>安慰剂）的积极主观评分有显着影响。相比之下，发现禁欲状态对吸烟钢筋的正面和负面评级有重大影响（“渴望”，“焦虑”，“烦躁”;禁欲>非震撼）。禁欲和尼古丁之间的相互作用效应提供了关于神经皮肤机制依赖的重要性的线索，以及调节增强对吸烟诱导的主观评级的影响。还2012年elsevier公司

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