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Ecology of animal migration

机译：动物迁移的生态学

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Billions of animals are adapted to a travelling life, making regular return migrations between more or less distant living stations on Earth by swimming, flying, running or walking (). Extremely long migrations are completed annually by whales between calving areas in warmer waters and feeding areas at higher latitudes in either hemisphere. The longest oceanic migrations among sea turtles and fish are often undertaken by younger immature individuals during a period of several years before they start their more regular return visits to breeding and spawning sites. Among adult leatherback turtles, intervals of several years between successive breeding events leave enough time for extremely long journeys. Famous among bird migrants are arctic terns, showing the longest known annual migration circuit of about 50,000 km. Bar-tailed godwits breed in Alaska and winter in New Zealand and make the longest known non-stop flapping flights, lasting more than two hundred hours and covering up to 12,000 km across the Pacific Ocean. Their total annual migration circuit extends over 30,000 km covered in three main flights (). Although diapause with hibernation as egg, pupae, larvae or adult is an important strategy among insects, there are also examples of impressive migrations. Monarch butterflies complete an annual circuit up to 9,000 km in North America in four generations (for more detail, see the review by Steven Reppert in this issue), and the globe skimmer (a dragonfly) presumably exploits the monsoon rains in India and rainy seasons in southern and equatorial Africa in a 15,000 km circuit in four generations (). In comparison with swimmers and flyers, animals that migrate by running or walking cover shorter distances. Caribous migrate between boreal forest and tundra over a total distance of not much more than 1000—2000 km per year. Zebras make the longest migrations in Africa, covering at least 500 km, which is just a little bit longer than the well-known wildebeest migration circuit in Serengeti.
机译：数十亿的动物适应旅行生活，通过游泳，飞行，跑步或行走（）在地球上的或多或少的遥远的生活站之间进行正常的回报迁移。每年通过鲸鱼之间的鲸鱼在较高的水域之间进行极长的迁移，并且在一半左右的较高纬度地区的喂食区域之间。海龟和鱼类中最长的海洋迁徙往往是在几年后的年轻未成熟人在开始对繁殖和产卵网站的往复访问之前的几年内进行的。在成人棱皮龟中，连续育种事件之间几年的间隔留出足够的时间，以实现极度长的旅程。在鸟类移民中着名的是北极燕鸥，显示了大约50,000公里的最长已知年度迁移电路。在阿拉斯加和新西兰的酒吧尾染狼群品种，并在新西兰制作了最长的不间断扑扑飞行，持续超过两百个小时，覆盖太平洋的12,000公里。他们的每年的迁移电路总延伸超过30,000公里，覆盖了三个主要航班（）。虽然酸钠作为鸡蛋，蛹，幼虫或成年人是昆虫中的重要策略，但还有令人印象深刻的迁移的例子。君主蝴蝶在四代完成北美高达9,000公里的年度电路（有关详细信息，请参阅史蒂文·雷普尔特在本期审查），地球撇渣器（蜻蜓）可能会利用印度和雨季的季风降雨在南部和赤道非洲，在四代（）中的15,000公里的电路中。与游泳者和传单相比，通过跑步或行走盖较短的距离迁移的动物。蓬松迁徙的北方森林和苔原之间的总距离每年不超过1000-2000公里。斑马制造了非洲最长的迁徙，覆盖至少500公里，这与塞伦盖蒂的着名马牛迁移电路略有一点。

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