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Heat pump application in nearly zero energy buildings

机译：热泵在近零能量建筑中的应用

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Annex 40 in the Heat Pumping Technologies (HPT) Technology Collaboration Programme (TCP) of the International Energy Agency entitled Heat pump concepts for nearly zero energy buildings has been accomplished with nine participating countries. The focus of work has been on system assessment of heat pumps for the application in nearly zero energy buildings compared to other heat generators and comparison of different heat pump types, as well as heat pump developments and field monitoring in nearly zero energy building application. Besides a short outline of the Annex 40 and the state-of-the-art of nearly zero energy building, the article focuses on results of a field monitoring project in an nearly zero energy building according to the current Swiss definition. The monitored building is one of the first certified nearly zero energy building with office use in Switzerland. Thus, monitoring results of the system performance in order to verify the nearly zero energy balance are of interest, also to evalutate system integration and to further develop the certification scheme for office use. Results are evaluated regarding the nearly zero energy building balance, performance of the system components, in particular the heat pump as core component, and optimization potentials identified in the real operation. Morevover, characteristics for the grid interaction and demand response in nearly zero energy building with heat pumps are assessed. The results confirm that heat pumping technologies are a quite suited system technology for nearly zero energy buildings. The nearly zero energy building balance for the monitored building in Switzerland (-9.7 kWh/[m(2)yr]; -3074.9 Btu/[ft(2)yr]) was exceeded in the first year of operation. Significant reduction potential of the electricity consumption has been found. The overall seasonal performance factor of the heat pump for space heating and domestic hot water operation was about 4, and additional operation improvement possibilities were identified. Regarding demand response capabilites, the on-site consumption of the generated photovoltaic-electricity is about 40%, which is higher than the average in residential buildings of 15%-25% due to the good load match with the office use. These values have been evaluated without dedicated load shifting of electrical consumption, for example, of the heat pump or the electric car, to periods with photovoltaic surplus. Summarising, in the first year of operation, the system performance is already good, but in the end of the measurements of the first year optimization measures identified during the measurements have been implemented. Thus, nearly zero energy buildings can be reached in mixed-use buildings like the Swiss monitored building with state-of-the-art building envelope and system technology.
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