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Parasites shape community structure and dynamics in freshwater crustaceans

机译：寄生虫在淡水甲壳类动物中塑造社区结构和动态

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摘要

Parasites directly and indirectly influence the important interactions among hosts such as competition and predation through modifications of behaviour, reproduction and survival. Such impacts can affect local biodiversity, relative abundance of host species and structuring of communities and ecosystems. Despite having a firm theoretical basis for the potential effects of parasites on ecosystems, there is a scarcity of experimental data to validate these hypotheses, making our inferences about this topic more circumstantial. To quantitatively test parasites' role in structuring host communities, we set up a controlled, multigenerational mesocosm experiment involving four sympatric freshwater crustacean species that share up to four parasite species. Mesocosms were assigned to either of two different treatments, low or high parasite exposure. We found that the trematode Maritrema poulini differentially influenced the population dynamics of these hosts. For example, survival and recruitment of the amphipod Paracalliope fluviatilis were dramatically reduced compared to other host species, suggesting that parasites may affect their long-term persistence in the community. Relative abundances of crustacean species were influenced by parasites, demonstrating their role in host community structure. As parasites are ubiquitous across all communities and ecosystems, we suggest that the asymmetrical effects we observed are likely widespread structuring forces.
机译：寄生虫通过改变行为、繁殖和存活，直接和间接地影响宿主之间的重要相互作用，如竞争和捕食。这种影响会影响当地的生物多样性、宿主物种的相对丰度以及社区和生态系统的结构。尽管寄生虫对生态系统的潜在影响有着坚实的理论基础，但验证这些假设的实验数据却很少，这使得我们对这个话题的推断更加间接。为了定量测试寄生虫在构建宿主群落中的作用，我们建立了一个受控的多代中观世界实验，涉及四种共有四种寄生虫的同域淡水甲壳动物物种。中胚层被分配到两种不同的处理，低或高寄生虫暴露。我们发现，海洋吸虫对这些宿主的种群动态有不同的影响。例如，与其他宿主物种相比，河豚的存活率和招募率显著降低，这表明寄生虫可能会影响它们在群落中的长期存活。甲壳动物物种的相对丰度受到寄生虫的影响，表明它们在宿主群落结构中的作用。由于寄生虫在所有社区和生态系统中无处不在，我们认为，我们观察到的不对称效应可能是广泛存在的结构性力量。

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