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首页> 外文期刊>The International journal of drug policy >Risk and enabling environments in sport: Systematic doping as harm reduction
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Risk and enabling environments in sport: Systematic doping as harm reduction

机译：体育风险和有利环境：系统兴奋剂减少

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Doping and the use of performance enhancing drugs (PEDs) are often considered and discussed as a separate issue from other types of substance use, by sporting bodies, politicians, the media, and athletes who use drugs themselves. However, perceptions and understandings of substance use in the sport and fitness world are directly related to those of substance use in the non-sport world. One way the gap between sport and non-sport substance use research can be bridged is to consider sport risk and enabling environments. Similar to non-sport contexts and drug use, it is important to analyse the environments in which doping occurs. This approach allows us to examine the dynamic interplay between risk and enabling factors, as the enabling environment shifts in response to changes produced in the risk environment, and vice versa. There are models of sport environments that have proven effective at both enabling doping by athletes and reducing harms to athletes: systematic doping. This article will use secondary literature in order to review and analyse known cases of systematic doping through the risk and enabling environment frameworks. We argue that these systems responded to anti-doping in ways that protected athletes from the risk factors established by anti-doping policy and that athletes suffered most when these systems were revealed, exposing athletes to the full range of doping harms. Further, we argue that risks within these systems (i.e. extortion, bullying) resulted from the broader prohibitive sport environment that forces doping underground and allows such abuses to occur.
机译：体育机构、政界人士、媒体和自己使用药物的运动员经常将兴奋剂和使用兴奋剂（PED）作为一个与其他类型物质使用不同的问题来考虑和讨论。然而，在体育和健身领域对物质使用的认知和理解与非体育领域对物质使用的认知和理解直接相关。体育和非体育物质使用研究之间的差距的桥梁之一是考虑运动风险和使能环境。与非体育环境和药物使用类似，分析兴奋剂发生的环境也很重要。这种方法使我们能够研究风险和有利因素之间的动态相互作用，因为有利环境随着风险环境中产生的变化而变化，反之亦然。有一些运动环境模型已被证明在促进运动员服用兴奋剂和减少对运动员的伤害方面都是有效的：系统性兴奋剂。本文将使用二手文献，通过风险和有利环境框架，回顾和分析已知的系统性兴奋剂案例。我们认为，这些系统对反兴奋剂的反应方式保护了运动员免受反兴奋剂政策所确立的风险因素的影响，而且当这些系统被揭露时，运动员遭受的伤害最大，使运动员暴露在各种兴奋剂危害之下。此外，我们认为，这些系统内的风险（即勒索、欺凌）是由更广泛的禁止性体育环境造成的，这种环境迫使在地下使用兴奋剂，并允许此类滥用行为发生。

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