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首页> 外文期刊>Journal of Theoretical Biology >Ecological and evolutionary consequences of predator-prey role reversal: Allee effect and catastrophic predator extinction
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Ecological and evolutionary consequences of predator-prey role reversal: Allee effect and catastrophic predator extinction

机译：捕食者 - 猎物角色逆转的生态和进化后果：Allee效应和灾难性捕食者灭绝

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In many terrestrial, marine, and freshwater predator-prey communities, young predators can be vulnerable to attacks by large prey. Frequent prey counter-attacks may hinder the persistence of predators. Despite the commonness of such role reversals in nature, they have rarely been addressed in evolutionary modelling. To understand how role reversals affect ecological and evolutionary dynamics of a predatorprey community, we derived an ecological model from individual-level processes using ordinary differential equations. The model reveals complex ecological dynamics, with possible bistability between alternative coexistence states and an Allee effect for the predators. We find that when prey counter-attacks are frequent, cannibalism is necessary for predator persistence. Using numerical analysis, we also find that a sudden ecological shift from coexistence to predator extinction can occur through several catastrophic bifurcations, including 'saddle-node', 'homoclinic', and 'subcritical Hopf'. The analysis of single-species evolution reveals that predator selection towards increasing or decreasing cannibalism triggers a catastrophic shift towards an extinction state of the predators. Such an evolutionary extinction of the predators may also be caused by prey selection towards increasing foraging activity because it facilitates encounters with vulnerable, young predators. The analysis of predator-prey coevolution further demonstrates that predator's catastrophic extinction becomes an even more likely outcome than in single-species evolution. Our results suggest that when young predators are vulnerable to prey attacks, a sudden extinction of the predators may be more common than currently understood. (C) 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.
机译：在许多陆地、海洋和淡水捕食者-食饵群落中，幼小的捕食者容易受到大型猎物的攻击。频繁的猎物反击可能会阻碍捕食者的生存。尽管这种角色逆转在自然界中很常见，但它们很少在进化建模中得到解决。为了理解角色逆转如何影响捕食者-食饵群落的生态和进化动力学，我们使用常微分方程从个体水平过程推导出了一个生态模型。该模型揭示了复杂的生态动力学，在交替共存状态和捕食者的Allee效应之间可能存在双稳态。我们发现，当猎物反击频繁时，食人对捕食者的持久性是必要的。通过数值分析，我们还发现，通过几个灾难性的分支，包括“鞍结”、“同宿”和“亚临界Hopf”，可以发生从共存到捕食者灭绝的突然生态转变。对单一物种进化的分析表明，捕食者选择增加或减少同类相食会触发捕食者向灭绝状态的灾难性转变。捕食者的这种进化灭绝也可能是由于捕食者选择增加觅食活动，因为这有利于与脆弱的年轻捕食者相遇。对捕食者-食饵共同进化的分析进一步表明，与单一物种进化相比，捕食者灾难性灭绝的可能性更大。我们的结果表明，当年轻的捕食者容易受到猎物攻击时，捕食者的突然灭绝可能比目前所了解的更为常见。（C） 2020作者。爱思唯尔有限公司出版。

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