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20,000 years of societal vulnerability and adaptation to climate change in southwest Asia

机译：20,000年的社会脆弱性和适应西南亚气候变化的适应性

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The Fertile Crescent, its hilly flanks and surrounding drylands has been a critical region for studying how climate has influenced societal change, and this review focuses on the region over the last 20,000years. The complex social, economic, and environmental landscapes in the region today are not new phenomena and understanding their interactions requires a nuanced, multidisciplinary understanding of the past. This review builds on a history of collaboration between the social and natural palaeoscience disciplines. We provide a multidisciplinary, multiscalar perspective on the relevance of past climate, environmental, and archaeological research in assessing present day vulnerabilities and risks for the populations of southwest Asia. We discuss the complexity of palaeoclimatic data interpretation, particularly in relation to hydrology, and provide an overview of key time periods of palaeoclimatic interest. We discuss the critical role that vegetation plays in the human–climate–environment nexusand discuss the implications of the available palaeoclimate and archaeological data, and their interpretation, for palaeonarratives of the region, both climatically and socially. We also provide an overview of how modelling can improve our understandingof past climate impacts and associated change in risk to societies. We conclude by looking to future work, and identify themes of “scale” and “seasonality” as still requiring further focus. We suggest that by appreciating a given locale's place in the regional hydroscape, be it an archaeological site or palaeoenvironmental archive, more robust links to climate can be made where appropriate and interpretations drawn will demand the resolution of factors acting across multiple scales.
机译：肥沃的新月形，其丘陵侧面和周围的旱地一直是研究气候如何影响社会变化的关键区域，这项综述着重于过去20,000年的该地区。当今该地区复杂的社会，经济和环境景观不是新现象，理解它们的互动需要对过去的细微，多学科的理解。这篇评论基于社会和自然古科学学科之间的合作历史。我们提供了有关过去气候，环境和考古研究在评估当今脆弱性和西南亚人口风险方面的相关性的多学科，多城市的观点。我们讨论了古气候数据解释的复杂性，尤其是与水文学有关，并概述了古气候兴趣的关键时期。我们讨论了植被在人类 - 环境环境中的关键作用，讨论了可用古气候和考古数据的含义，及其解释对该地区的古代逆转，无论是在气候和社会上。我们还概述了建模如何改善过去气候影响以及对社会风险的相关变化的理解。最后，我们通过寻求未来的工作，并确定“规模”和“季节性”的主题仍需要进一步关注。我们建议，通过欣赏给定的语言环境在区域水平镜中的位置，无论是考古遗址还是古环境档案，可以在适当的地方与气候建立更牢固的联系，并且绘制的解释将要求解决跨多个尺度作用的因素。

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