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Situational Dynamics and the Emergence of Violence in Protests

机译：情境动态和暴力的出现

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Objectives: This article investigates how situational dynamics influence the emergence of protest violence. Although common-sense explanations of violence focus on actors' motivations and strategies, a situational turn is underway, emphasizing the relevance of the violent situation itself. This article assesses this situational approach, examining whether the emergence of violence can be explained by focusing on what occurs during a protest. Method: The article comparatively analyzes 30 protests occurring in the United States and Germany between 1960 and 2010. Using a triangulation of visual and document data, as well as participant observation, it analyzes over 1,000 data pieces, uses 2 samples, and conducts 3 steps of analysis: The article develops a situational approach using meticulous case reconstructions (employing Video Data Analysis), tests the approach by comparatively analyzing a random sample of violent and peaceful protests (employing Qualitative Comparative Analysis), and revisits cases to identify crucial dynamics and paths to protest violence. Results: The study identifies 5 behaviors by protesters and police during protests crucial for leading to violence if they occur in one of the following three combinations: a loss of control path, a missing information path, and an offense path. All 3 combinations trigger violence by changing actors' situational interpretations and emotional dynamics. Conclusions: Findings suggest a purely situational approach-focusing on what happens during demonstrations-can provide a consistent and meaningful explanation for the emergence of violence. Alternative explanations are discussed, such as the relevance of background and context factors as risk factors to the emergence of violence.
机译：目标：本文调查了情境动态如何影响抗议暴力的出现。尽管对暴力的常识解释集中在参与者的动机和策略上，但情况正在进行中，强调暴力局势本身的相关性。本文评估了这种情况方法，研究了是否可以通过关注抗议期间发生的事情来解释暴力的出现。方法：本文在1960年至2010年之间在美国和德国进行了30次抗议。使用视觉和文档数据的三角剖分以及参与者的观察，它分析了1,000多个数据，使用2个样本，并进行3个步骤，并进行3个步骤分析：本文使用细致的病例重建（采用视频数据分析）开发了一种情境方法，通过比较分析随机的暴力和和平抗议的随机样本（采用定性比较分析）来测试该方法，并重新审视案例以识别重要的动态和路径抗议暴力。结果：该研究确定了抗议者和警察在抗议活动中的5种行为，如果在以下三种组合之一中发生，导致暴力行为至关重要：失去控制路径，缺失的信息路径和犯罪道路。所有3种组合都通过改变演员的情境解释和情感动态来触发暴力。结论：调查结果表明，在示威活动中发生的事情纯粹是情境方法，为暴力的出现提供了一致而有意义的解释。讨论了替代解释，例如背景和背景因素与暴力出现的风险因素的相关性。

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