RESTORING DEMOGRAPHIC PROCESSES IN TRANSLOCATED POPULATIONS: THE CASE OF COLLARED LIZARDS IN THE MISSOURI OZARKS USING PRESCRIBED FOREST FIRES

ALAN R. TEMPLETON; JENNIFER L NEUWALD; HILARY BRAZEAR JAMES ROBERLSON

摘要

Habitat fragmentation is one of the more important contributors to species endangerment, but one form of fragmentation, here called dispersal fragmentation, can often go unobserved for many years after it has occurred. Many species live in naturally fragmented habitats, but the local, populations are interconnected genetically and demographically by dispersal through the environmental matrix in which the habitats are embedded Because of dispersal, the local populations are not truly fragmented evolutionarily or ecologically. However, when human activities alter the environmental matrix such that dispersal is no longer possible, the population does indeed become fragmented even though they initially are present in the same habitats. An example of dispersal fragmentation via an altered environmental matrix is provided by the eastern collared lizard (Crotaphytus collaris collaris). This lizard lives on open, rocky habitats, called glades, that are embedded in the forests of the Ozarks, a highland region located primarily in Missouri and Arkansas in the USA Forest fire suppression has reduced this habitat, resulting in severe habitat fragmentation, disruption of gene flow, loss of genetic variation within glade populations, and local extinction without recolonization. Beginning in 1982, glade habitats were restored by clearing and burning in the Peck Ranch area of the Missouri Ozarks, a region where the lizards had gone extinct. Starting in 1984, lizard populations were translocated from other Missouri glades onto restored glades at the Peck Ranch, Although these translocated populations survived well on the restored glades, no movement was detected between glades, some just 50 m apart, and no colonization of nearby restored glades, some just 60 m away, occurred between 1984 and 1993, Fragmentation, lack of colonization, no gene flow, and loss of genetic variation still persisted despite translocation reversing some of the local extinction Fire scar data from trees and tree stumps indicated that forest fires were common in this area prior to European settlement, so in 1994 a new management policy of prescribed burning of both the glades and their forest matrix was initiated. Once the forest had been burned, the lizards could disperse kilomet.

机译：栖息地破碎是物种危害物种的最重要贡献者之一，但是在此发生后，这种形式的碎片化形式（称为分散碎片）通常在发生后很多年都不会被观察到很多年。许多物种生活在自然碎片的栖息地中，但是当地的人群通过分散在遗传和人口统计学上相互联系，通过环境基质，由于分散，栖息地嵌入了栖息地，当地人群在进化上并不是真正分散的进化论或生态上。但是，当人类的活动改变环境矩阵以使分散是不再可能发生的，即使最初存在于同一栖息地中，人口确实会变得分散。东部领蜥蜴（Crotaphytus collaris collaris）提供了通过改变环境基质的分散碎片化的例子。这只蜥蜴生活在开放的岩石栖息地，称为林德斯（Glades），它们嵌入了奥扎克（Ozarks）的森林中，奥扎克（Ozarks）是一个高地地区，主要位于密苏里州和美国阿肯色州森林抑制中的阿肯色州，造成了这种栖息地，导致了严重的栖息地碎片，破坏了碎片，破坏了这种栖息地。基因流量，GLADE种群内遗传变异的丧失以及局部灭绝而没有再殖民化。从1982年开始，在密苏里州奥扎克斯的佩克牧场区域清理和燃烧，恢复了GLADE栖息地，这是蜥蜴灭绝的地区。从1984年开始，蜥蜴种群从其他密苏里州的林德斯转移到了佩克牧场的恢复的林间，尽管这些易位的人口在修复的林间幸存下来，但在林间的饰物中没有发现任何动作，相距仅50 m，而附近的殖民地则没有恢复殖民地。格林斯（Glades）在1984年至1993年之间发生了60 m的距离，尽管易位逆转了一些局部灭绝的火疤痕数据，但仍持续存在遗传变异的碎裂，缺乏殖民化，没有基因流动和遗传变异的丧失仍然持续存在。在欧洲定居之前，大火在这一地区很普遍，因此在1994年开始了新的管理政策，以燃烧Glades及其森林矩阵。一旦森林被烧毁，蜥蜴就可以分散公里。

RESTORING DEMOGRAPHIC PROCESSES IN TRANSLOCATED POPULATIONS: THE CASE OF COLLARED LIZARDS IN THE MISSOURI OZARKS USING PRESCRIBED FOREST FIRES

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