Effect of Incorporating the Thermal Management of the Three-Way Catalyst on Energy Efficiency and Tailpipe Emissions for a P2 Parallel Hybrid Vehicle

Marco Benegiamo; Antonio Paolo Carlucci; Vincenzo MuloneAndrea Valletta

摘要

The energy management of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) is a complex subject that can be addressed with the tools provided by optimal control theory. Optimization algorithms explored so far in the literature, like dynamic programming (DP) or equivalent consumption minimization strategy (ECMS), have systematically analyzed the potential CO_2 reduction for different topologies and degree of hybridization. However, the management of engine and electric machine (EM) neglects that the catalyst material in the aftertreatment system needs to reach a certain temperature to properly convert pollutant emissions. In this study, the thermal management of the catalyst in a gasoline HEV has been investigated, and two algorithms have been proposed. Two strategies based on the ECMS are presented: the first one explicitly considers the catalyst temperature; the second one keeps the underlying structure of ECMS, but it adds a high-level rule to indirectly encompass catalyst management. To have a reliable catalyst temperature, a monodimensional model for the three-way catalyst (TWC), incorporating chemical kinetics, has been implemented. Finally, both strategies have been assessed via numerical simulations on two different driving cycles: the Worldwide harmonized Light vehicles Test Cycle (WLTC) and the Transport for London cycle (TfL), an urban driving cycle that is selected as a worst-case scenario for the thermal management of the aftertreatment system. On the WLTC both strategies show a 2% increase in fuel consumption with a potential 60% NO_x reduction. On the urban cycle, only the second strategy is able to ensure the catalyst heating in a reasonable timespan. However general trends are still confirmed: when the catalyst thermal management is incorporated into the energy management strategy, since the first ignition, the engine produces extra power and charges the battery so that the TWC reaches the light-off temperature over a time-lapse comparable with a conventional vehicle. The stored energy is exploited at higher power demands to reduce the fuel consumption. The average engine load is hence shifted upwards in comparison to a fuel economy-oriented strategy.

机译：混合动力电动汽车的能源管理(戊肝病毒)是一个复杂的问题,可以解决最优控制提供的工具理论。在文献中,如动态规划(DP)或同等消费最小化的策略(ecm),系统地分析了潜在的减少二氧化碳对不同拓扑和程度的杂交。发动机和电机的管理(EM)忽视了的催化剂材料需要达到一定的后处理系统温度适当转换污染物排放。汽油混合的催化剂调查,并将两种算法建议。介绍:第一个明确地考虑了催化剂温度;ecm的底层结构,但它增加了一个高级规则间接包含催化剂管理。温度,monodimensional模型三方催化剂(TWC),将化学物质动力学,已经实现了。通过数值策略已被评估模拟在两个不同的驾驶周期:协调全球轻型汽车测试周期(WLTC)和伦敦交通循环(伦敦交通局)一个被选中作为一个城市驾驶循环最坏的情况下的热管理后处理系统。策略显示油耗增加2%与潜在的NO_x降低60%。周期,只有第二种策略能够保证催化剂加热在一个合理的时间间隔。然而一般趋势仍证实:当催化剂的热管理是整合成的能量管理策略,自第一次点火,发动机产生额外的权力和收费电池TWC到达在延时点火温度与传统汽车相比。储能是利用在更高的权力要求减少燃料消耗。平均引擎负载因此向上移比较燃料开发的策略。

Effect of Incorporating the Thermal Management of the Three-Way Catalyst on Energy Efficiency and Tailpipe Emissions for a P2 Parallel Hybrid Vehicle

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