Observation of NOx enhancement and ozone depletion in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres after the October–November 2003 solar proton events

M. López-Puertas; B. Funke; S. Gil-LópezT. von ClarmannG. P. StillerM. HopfnerS. KellmannH. FischerC. H. Jackman

摘要

The large solar storms in October–November 2003 produced enormous solar proton events (SPEs) where high energetic particles reached the Earth and penetrated into the middle atmosphere in the polar regions. At this time, the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS) was observing the atmosphere in the 6–68 km altitude range. MIPAS observations of NOx (NO + NO2) and O3 of the period from 25 October to 14 November 2003 are the first global measurements of NOx species, covering both the summer (daylight) and winter (dark) polar regions during an SPE. Very large values of NOx in the upper stratosphere of 180 ppbv (parts per billion by volume) have been measured, and a large asymmetry in northern and southern polar cap NOx enhancements was found. Arctic mean polar cap (>60°) NOx enhancements of 20 to 70 ppbv between 40 to 60 km lasted for at least 2 weeks, while the Antarctic mean NOx enhancement was between 10 and 35 ppbv and was halved after 2 weeks. Ozone shows depletion signatures associated with both HOx (H + OH + HO2) and NOx enhancements but at different timescales. Arctic lower mesospheric (upper stratospheric) ozone is reduced by 50–70% (30–40%) for about 2 weeks after the SPEs. A smaller ozone depletion signal was observed in the Antarctic atmosphere. After the locally produced Arctic middle and upper stratospheric as well as mesospheric NOx enhancement, large amounts of NOx were observed until the end of December. These are explained by downward transport processes. These enhancements drastically declined with the mid-December stratospheric warming. Significant O3 depletion was observed inside the polar vortex in a wide altitude range during this period. From mid-January until the end of March 2004, MIPAS observed extraordinary high values of NO2 in the upper stratosphere of the northern polar region (mean in-vortex values up to 350 ppbv at ～54 km), which seem to be caused by the unusually strong vortex and downward transport at that time together with an uncommonly large auroral activity starting with the solar storms in October–November and continuing over the winter. In-vortex ozone was observed to significantly decline in the mid-February to late March period above the 1750 K potential temperature level.

机译：大型太阳风暴在2003年的10月产生巨大的太阳质子事件(spe)高能粒子到达地球高在哪里并渗透到中间的气氛极地地区。为被动大气探测干涉仪(MIPAS)观察6 - 68的气氛公里的高度范围内。+ NO2)和O3的10月25日至142003年11月第一个全球测量氮氧化物的物种,包括两个夏天(白天)和冬季期间(黑暗)极地SPE。180 ppbv(十亿分之几的平流层测得体积),和一个大的不对称在北部和南部极地冰冠氮氧化物增强被发现。(> 60°)之间的20到70 ppbv氮氧化物增强40到60公里至少持续2周,南极的意思是氮氧化物增强10之间和35 ppbv减半后2周。显示损耗签名联系在一起HOx (H +哦+ HO2)和氮氧化物增强但不同的时间尺度。(平流层上层)臭氧减少50 - 70%(30 - 40%)大约2周后spe。在较小的臭氧损耗信号南极的气氛。产生北极中产和平流层上层中间层NOx增强,大大量的氮氧化物被观察到12月。运输过程。12月中旬急剧下降平流层变暖。观察在极地漩涡宽在此期间高度范围。1月中旬到2004年3月底,MIPAS观察NO2的非凡的高值平流层的北极地区(意味着涡流值350 ppbv ~ 54公里),这似乎是由于异常强烈吗涡和向下运输一个罕见的大型极光一起活动开始的太阳风暴10和持续的在冬天。涡流臭氧被明显观察到下降2月中旬至3月底温度高于1750 K潜在水平。

Observation of NOx enhancement and ozone depletion in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres after the October–November 2003 solar proton events

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