Since Robert Morris' first denial of service attack and Joseph Popp's first AIDSTrojan ransomware attack, both in 1989, cybersecurity has become fundamental to any security discussion, on par with other forms of kinetic or non-kinetic weapon security discussions. Similarly, over the past 30 years scholars and policy analysts have come to understand that "cyber" has many meanings that extend beyond Westphalian conceptions of national and military security. We now understand that cyber can be used for activist purposes by both individuals (like Julian Assange of WikiLeaks) as well as loosely-organized groups (like the hacktivist collective Anonymous) and for political purposes. We also know that old-fashioned state-sponsored espionage has entered the digital age with recent examples that included the 2014 hack of the US Office of Personnel and Management where the personal information of approximately four million federal employees and contractors was stolen. And, of course, we all are too keenly aware of the estimated $600 billion global cost of seemingly relentless cybercrime.
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