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Ecological weed management approaches for wheat under rice–wheat cropping system

机译：生态小麦杂草管理方法稻麦种植制度下

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摘要

Abstract Weeds are one of the most important yield limiting factor in wheat cultivation, causing a yield loss of 15–50% depending on relative proportion of weed flora, weed density and period of their infestation. To control the weeds effectively, the farmers of Indo-Gangetic Plains Region (IGPR) are mainly dependent on the chemical herbicides. However, the excessive herbicide use has led to development of resistance in many weed species and shift in weed flora besides negative residual effects on the succeeding crops and food quality as well. Therefore, there is an urgent need to look for alternate methods which are economically viable and ecologically stable. Several approaches like early sowing of wheat, soil solarization, adjustment in row spacing, sowing weed free seeds, adjusting seed rate, planting densities, crop rotations, competitive cultivars, stale seed bed technique, efficient nutrient management, proper irrigation scheduling, mechanical control, mulching, residue retention and tillage methods have been found effective in wheat in numerous field studies. Looking at the potential of such ecological approaches, there is need for in-depth research on various aspects of these methods. This paper reviews the available information on different ecological weed management approaches in wheat under rice–wheat cropping system of Indo-Gangetic plains.Graphical abstract
机译：抽象的杂草是一个最重要的产量限制因素在小麦种植,造成根据相对产量损失的15 - 50%比例的杂草植物,杂草密度和时期他们的侵扰。实际上,农民的恒河平原区域(IGPR)主要是依赖于化学除草剂。除草剂的使用导致了发展电阻在许多杂草物种和杂草的转变植物除了消极的残余影响成功的作物和食品质量。因此,人们迫切需要寻找经济上可行的替代方法和生态稳定。早播种小麦、土壤日晒,调整行间距,播种杂草自由种子,种子调整率、种植密度、作物轮作、竞争品种、陈旧的种子床上技术,高效的营养管理,合理的灌溉调度、机械控制、覆盖、残渣保留和耕作方法有效地发现了小麦在众多吗领域的研究。生态方法,需要深入研究这些方法的各个方面。本文综述了可用的信息不同的生态杂草管理方法在小麦的稻麦种植制度下恒河平原。

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