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Surface Doping vs. Bulk Doping of Cathode Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries: A Review

机译：锂离子电池正极材料表面掺杂与体掺杂研究进展

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摘要

To address the capacity degradation, voltage fading, structural instability and adverse interface reactions in cathode materials of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), numerous modification strategies have been developed, mainly including coating and doping. In particular, the important strategy of doping (surface doping and bulk doping) has been considered an effective strategy to modulate the crystal lattice structure of cathode materials. However, special insights into the mechanisms and effectiveness of the doping strategy, especially comparisons between surface doping and bulk doping in cathode materials, are still lacking. In this review, recent significant progress in surface doping and bulk doping strategies is demonstrated in detail by focusing on their inherent differences as well as effects on the structural stability, lithium-ion (Li-ion) diffusion and electrochemical properties of cathode materials from the following mechanistic insights: preventing the exposure of reactive Ni on the surface, stabilizing the Li slabs, mitigating the migration of transition metal (TM) ions, alleviating undesired structural transformations and adverse interface issues, enlarging the Li interslab spacing, forming three-dimensional (3D) Li-ion diffusion channels, and providing more active sites for the charge-transfer process. Moreover, insights into the correlation between the mechanisms of hybrid surface engineering strategies (doping and coating) and their influences on the electrochemical performance of cathode materials are provided by emphasizing the stabilization of the Li slabs, the enhancement of the surface chemical stability, and the alleviation of TM ion migration. Furthermore, the existing challenges and future perspectives in this promising field are indicated. Graphic Abstract
机译：为了解决能力退化,电压衰落、结构不稳定和不利界面反应在阴极材料锂离子电池(库),众多修改策略也已经被开发出来,主要包括涂层和兴奋剂。具体来说,掺杂的重要策略(表面掺杂和散装兴奋剂)被认为是一个有效的策略来调节阴极材料的晶格结构。然而,特殊的见解和机制掺杂的有效性策略,尤其是对比表面掺杂和散装掺杂阴极材料,仍然缺乏。综述,最近的重大进展表面掺杂和散装兴奋剂策略详细演示了通过关注他们固有的差异以及影响结构稳定性,锂)扩散和电化学性质从以下机械的阴极材料见解:防止活性镍的接触表面上看,李稳定板,减轻过渡金属的迁移(TM)离子,减轻不良结构接口转换和不良问题,扩大李interslab间距,形成三维(3 d)锂离子扩散通道,和提供更积极的网站电荷转移过程。之间的相关性机制的混合(掺杂和表面工程策略涂料)和他们的影响阴极材料的电化学性能通过强调提供的稳定李板,增强的表面化学稳定性,减轻TM的离子迁移。和未来的观点在这个有前途的领域是表示。

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