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首页> 外文期刊>Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Water >Forecasting lake‐/sea‐effect snowstorms, advancement, and challenges
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Forecasting lake‐/sea‐effect snowstorms, advancement, and challenges

机译：预测湖泊/海洋效应的暴风雪、进展和挑战

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Abstract Lake‐/sea‐effect snow forms typically from late fall to winter when a cold air mass moves over the warmer, large water surface. The resulting intense snowfall has many societal impacts on communities living in downwind areas; hence, accurate forecasts of lake‐/sea‐effect snow are essential for safety and preparedness. Forecasting lake‐/sea‐effect snow is extremely challenging, but over the past decades the advancement of numerical forecast models and the expansion of observational networks have incrementally improved the forecasting capability. The recent advancement includes numerical forecast models with high spatiotemporal resolutions that allow simulating vigorous snowstorms at the kilometer‐scale and the frequent inclusion of radar observations in the model. This combination of more accurate weather prediction models as well as ground‐based and remotely sensed observations has aided operational forecasters to make better lake‐/sea‐effect snow forecasts. A remaining challenge is that many observations of precipitation, surface meteorology, evaporation, and heat supply from the water surface are still limited to being land‐based and the information over the water, particularly offshore, remains a gap. This primer overviews the basic mechanisms for lake‐/sea‐effect snow formation, evolution of forecast techniques, and challenges to be addressed in the future. This article is categorized under: Science of Water > Water Extremes Science of Water > Water and Environmental Change Science of Water > Methods
机译：抽象量/湖海雪形式通常量影响从深秋到冬天时寒冷的空气质量在温暖的举动,大水面。有很多社会产生强烈的降雪影响社区生活在顺风地区;因此,准确预测量/湖海的效果雪是必不可少的安全防范。预测量/湖海雪非常量影响具有挑战性的,但过去几十年数值预报模型和进步观察网络的扩张逐步改善了预测能力。数值预报模型高时空的决议,允许模拟公里的规模和剧烈的暴风雪频繁的雷达观测该模型。天气预报模型以及基于地面检测和遥感观测有帮助操作做出更好的预测雪湖量/海上作业效果预测。挑战是许多的观察降水、地表气象、蒸发、并从水面仍供热有限的土地的基础和信息水,尤其是离岸,仍然是一个差距。湖量/海高雪效应形成的进化预测技术,和挑战在未来解决该问题。水>下分类:科学极端的科学>水和水水环境变化科学>方法

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