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Trade policy

机译：贸易政策

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EIU estimates that merchandise exports (free on board-fob) from Spain stood at US$464.5bn in 2022, up from US$379.2bn in 2021. Merchandise imports (fob) amounted to US$5277bn in 2022 to yield a trade deficit of US$63.2bn, compared with imports of US$402.1bn in 2021 and a US$22.9bn deficit. The services balance remained in surplus at US$74.6bn in 2022, compared with a US$44.1bn surplus in 2020. According to latest available data from the Ministry of Industry, Commerce and Tourism, Spain's main exports during the first ten months of 2022 were chemical products, followed by capital goods, food and drink products, and semimanufactured goods. Its primary trading partners were other EU member states, which accounted for 63 of exports during the period. France was the largest country export market, followed by Germany, Italy, Portugal, Belgium and the UK. Spain's primary imports were energy products, followed by capital goods, chemical products, food and drink products, and consumer goods. China was the leading source for imports, followed by France, Germany, the US and Italy.
机译：EIU估计商品出口(免费从西班牙board-fob)站在4645亿美元2022年,从2021年的3792亿美元。进口(fob)相当于5.277万亿年的2022美元产生贸易赤字632亿美元,与之相比从美国进口的4021亿年的2021美元和229亿美元赤字。在2022年的746亿美元,而441亿美元2020年盈余。数据从工业,商业和在第一次旅游,西班牙的主要出口2022年10个月是化工产品,其次是资本货物、食品和饮料产品,semimanufactured商品。贸易伙伴欧盟其他成员国,占63%的出口时期。市场,紧随其后的是德国、意大利、葡萄牙、比利时和英国。能源产品,其次是资本货物,化工产品、食品和饮料产品,消费品。进口,紧随其后的是法国、德国、美国和意大利。

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    《Country Commerce: Spain》 |2023年第2期|67-74|共8页
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