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Developing a microwave-driven reactor for ammonia synthesis: insights into the unique challenges of microwave catalysis

机译：开发用于合成氨的微波驱动反应器：深入了解微波催化的独特挑战

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摘要

Rapid development of new ammonia (NH3) synthesis techniques that enable modular, intermittent production is essential to actualizing NH3's potential as a clean energy carrier, since contemporary methods are configured to centralized, continuous production methods with high emissions and are incompatible with renewable sources. In this mission, microwave-driven catalysis is promising for its ability to enhance reaction kinetics and apply targeted heating for efficient energy use. However, owing to an incomplete understanding of the interaction between microwave fields and catalyst beds, the development of such microwave-catalysis systems remains underexplored and challenging. This paper investigates the 10× scale-up of a microwave-based NH3 synthesis reactor using numerical and experimental approaches, achieving the largest reported microwave-driven NH3 reactor to date. Results elucidate phenomena unique to microwave processes that are only predictable through numerical modeling, including how a catalyst's dielectric properties influence microwave field distribution by affecting penetration depth and how energy utilization can be poor even with sufficient attenuation. These dynamics change with scale, constrain reactor geometry, and potentially hamper performance. Nonetheless, we demonstrate a production rate of 56.6 gNH3 per day, the highest reported NH3 synthesis rate for laboratory-scale alternative techniques; correspondingly, the benchmark energy efficiency achieved in this paper (45.6 gNH3 kW h−1) is the highest reported for such reactors of sufficient scale. Even with this exemplary energy efficiency, energy losses were found in excess of 50%, an issue resolvable through scale and reactor design. The efficiencies imparted by microwaves were key in these achievements, warranting further investigation toward development of microwave-driven NH3 systems.
机译：快速开发新的氨(NH3)合成技术,使模块化,断断续续的生产实施NH3的至关重要可能作为一种清洁能源载体,现代方法配置集中、连续生产方法高排放和不兼容可再生能源。microwave-driven催化的承诺提高反应动力学和应用的能力有针对性的高效能源加热使用。然而,由于一个不完整的理解之间的交互和微波领域催化剂床,这样的发展microwave-catalysis系统仍未开发和挑战性。扩大microwave-based NH3的合成使用数值和实验反应堆方法,实现最大的报道microwave-driven NH3反应堆。阐明现象独特的微波的过程只有通过数值预测建模,包括催化剂的介质微波场分布特性影响通过影响穿透深度和能量利用率可以贫穷甚至足够了衰减。几何约束反应堆,和可能影响性能。每天产量为56.6 gNH3,最高氨合成率为实验室报告替代技术;基准能源效率的实现纸(45.6 gNH3千瓦h−1)是最高的报道这样足够规模的反应堆。这个模范能源效率、能源损失被发现超过50%了,一个问题解决的吗通过规模和反应堆设计。由微波效率的关键这些成就,需要进一步向发展的调查microwave-driven NH3系统。

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