UML designs represent sequential and concurrent behaviors of the systems in terms of activity, sequence, and state machine diagrams. Concurrent systems are non-deterministic in nature. Therefore, test case generation and coverage criterion definitions are challenging for a concurrent system using UML designs. Concurrent system testing is exponential due to the execution of parallel constructs and interleavings of messages inside parallel constructs. Hence, there is a necessity for appropriate concurrency coverage criteria to work with a finite number of test scenarios. This research explores relevant concurrency coverage criteria for UML sequence diagrams and their definitions to work in real-life usages. This paper proposes a message control flow graph (MCFG), a richer form of a control flow graph, as an intermediate representation for UML sequence diagrams. The proposed MCFG facilitates defining new coverage criteria for message interleaving inside concurrency constructs, like parallel and critical region combined fragments and general ordering. We define new coverage criteria, namely interleaving message path coverage, synchronization coverage, and essential concurrent message path coverage. The empirical results show that the proposed scheme provides a good trade-off between cost and defect exposing capability of the concurrent design modeled by UML sequence diagrams.
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