Global material flow analysis of end-of-life of lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide batteries from battery electric vehicles

Muhammad Shafique; Arslan Akbar; Muhammad RafiqAnam AzamXiaowei Luo

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Global material flow analysis of end-of-life of lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide batteries from battery electric vehicles

机译：Global material flow analysis of end-of-life of lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide batteries from battery electric vehicles

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摘要

The global market for battery electric vehicles (BEVs) is continuously increasing which results in higher material demand for the production of Li-ion batteries (LIBs). Therefore, the end of life (EOL) of batteries must be handled properly through reusing or recycling to minimize the supply chain issues in future LIBs. This study analyses the global distribution of EOL lithium nickel manganese cobalt (NMC) oxide batteries from BEVs. The Stanford estimation model is used, assuming that the lifespan of NMC batteries follows a Weibull distribution. The global sales data of NMC batteries from 2009 to 2018 were collected and the sales data from 2019 to 2030 were estimated based on historical trends and BEV development plans in the top 10 countries for BEV sales. The result shows a view of EOL NMC batteries worldwide. In 2038, China, South Korea and the United States (US) will be the three leading countries in the recovery of NMC battery materials. An overall global flow of NMC battery materials (aluminium, copper, manganese, steel, lithium and graphite/carbon) was also predicted in this research. This study estimated the waste potential of NMC battery materials specifically in the top 10 countries and also in other countries. Finally, the economic value estimation results for recovered materials indicated that copper, aluminium and manganese will have cumulative economic values of 7.9, 4.4 and 3.9?billion US dollars in 2038, respectively. As this study considers the different specific energy of NMC batteries in the coming years due to technological advancement, the findings can provide a more realistic insight into the future demand for NMC battery materials. This study reveals that a high number of EOL NMC batteries will be accumulated in 2038 in several countries. Therefore, large-scale recycling infrastructures should be set up to improve the efficiency of the recovery of battery materials.

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来源
《Waste Management & Research》 |2023年第2期|376-388|共13页
作者
Muhammad Shafique; Arslan Akbar; Muhammad RafiqAnam AzamXiaowei Luo;
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作者单位

3Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology;

4School of Economics and Management, North China Electric Power University;

2Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering1Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Brunel University London;

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收录信息美国《科学引文索引》(SCI);美国《工程索引》(EI);
原文格式 PDF
正文语种英语
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关键词
Lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide; end-of-life; material flow analysis; global distribution;

Global material flow analysis of end-of-life of lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide batteries from battery electric vehicles

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