The pericarp has been studied in 72 taxa belonging to the generaLeucas, Leonotis, Acrotome, OtostegiaandIsoleucas. Otostegia, Isoleucasand manyLeucas(the Asiatic sectionsAstrodon, Leucas, Plagiostoma, and the AfricanSpiculifolia, Squarrosicyme, StachydiformisandVirgata) have been found to agree with most other members of the subfamily Lamioideae by having high bone cells which contain crystals.Acrotome, Leonotisand most AfricanLeucas(sectionsHemistoma, Lasiocotys, Lonostoma, Neuflizeana, OgadeniaandPhysoleucas) deviate by having thin bone cells which often lack crystals, and due to their similarity, these African taxa are suggested to be closely related. The AsiaticLeucas (Ortholeucas), PlagiostomaandAstrodonalso seem to form a group.Leucas milanjianaand perhaps alsoLeucas hyssopifoliaare considered to be extraneous toPlagiostomaand to be more closely related to the sectionLeucasand the AfricanLasiocorys, OgadeniaandPhysoleucasrespectively.
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