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IN GROUND CONCRETE DURABILITY

机译：在地面混凝土中的耐久性

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Durability analysis is often a difficult part of the design for structures subject to severe exposures. Project specifications often quote national standards as a minimum requirement and require a specified design life be achieved. This paper shows how national standards can be conflicting and may be inadequate with regard to design for concrete in contact with ground. This places the responsibility on the contractor to ensure that state of the art durability designs will provide the serviceability required over the design life. The paper specifically considers in-ground deterioration applicable to loaders, linings, railways, slabs and ports. Deterioration mechanisms considered include cracking, corrosion, and chemical attack (including acid sulphate soil issues). The rate of decay is dependent on the access and penetration of contaminants and their subsequent reaction with the concrete and steel. The paper reviews these processes to give a logical approach to design. The importance of cement systems to provide chemical resistance, mix design to provide impermeable paste and aggregate selection to avoid integral problems are discussed. Even so, the best design will fail if construction is not adequate. The paper also outlines specific concrete properties (e.g. bleed, setting time, slump loss, heat of hydration, shrinkage) that the Contractor needs to understand and use in planning concrete pours so that construction defects do not compromise durability objectives and lead to expensive repairs. Authors' note: Throughout this paper, we employ the use of capitalised text to denote the various roles and elements that contribute to a major project's success, in particular for durability management.
机译：对于经受严重暴露的结构，耐久性分析通常是设计中的困难部分。项目规范通常引用国家标准作为最低要求，并要求达到指定的设计寿命。本文显示了国家标准在与地面接触的混凝土设计方面可能会发生冲突，并且可能不足。这使承包商有责任确保最先进的耐用性设计将在设计寿命内提供所需的可维修性。本文专门考虑了适用于装载机，衬砌，铁路，平板和港口的地下劣化。所考虑的恶化机制包括破裂，腐蚀和化学侵蚀（包括酸性硫酸盐土壤问题）。腐烂的速度取决于污染物的进入和渗透以及污染物与混凝土和钢的后续反应。本文回顾了这些过程，以提供一种合理的设计方法。讨论了水泥系统提供耐化学性，混合设计以提供不渗透性浆料以及选择集料以避免整体问题的重要性。即使这样，如果构造不充分，最佳设计也会失败。本文还概述了承包商在规划混凝土浇筑时需要了解和使用的特定混凝土特性（例如渗出，凝结时间，坍落度损失，水化热，收缩），以便施工缺陷不会损害耐用性目标并导致昂贵的维修费用。作者注：在整篇文章中，我们都使用大写字母表示各种角色和要素，这些要素和要素有助于重大项目的成功，特别是对于耐久性管理。

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