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Who needs constitutive models?

机译：谁需要本构模型？

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摘要

Constitutive models are essential in any rational theoretical modelling in geotechnics. How the stress-strain response of soil or rock is represented in these models is usually the key to successful prediction of the behaviour of geotechnical structures. However, the important details of these models, particularly the idealizations that are made, are often poorly understood or ignored, sometimes at significant cost to the unwary analyst. Indeed, the capabilities and the shortcomings of these models, especially the more advanced models, are not always easy to ascertain. In some cases determination of the input parameters is not straightforward. Consequently, it may be difficult to determine which model to select for a particular task. This lecture charts the development of constitutive models used to represent the mechanical behaviour of soils and provides an overview of the principles and the main features and components of existing, widely used constitutive models for soil. The intention is to emphasise the physical basis of these models, rather than their mathematical complexity. Some of the constitutive models encoded in the software packages used routinely in geotechnical practice are reviewed and discussion is also provided on their specific limitations. Examples of practical applications are used to illustrate the both the advantages and some of the pitfalls of the commonly used models. A brief description of recent developments in this area of geotechnical research is also included.
机译：本构模型对于岩土工程学中的任何理性理论建模都是必不可少的。在这些模型中如何表示土壤或岩石的应力应变响应通常是成功预测岩土结构行为的关键。但是，这些模型的重要细节，尤其是所进行的理想化，往往很少被理解或忽略，有时会给那些粗心的分析师带来巨大的代价。确实，这些模型（尤其是更高级的模型）的功能和缺点并不总是容易确定的。在某些情况下，确定输入参数并不容易。因此，可能难以确定要为特定任务选择哪种模型。本讲座介绍了用于表示土壤力学行为的本构模型的发展，并概述了现有的，广泛使用的本构模型的原理以及主要特征和组成。目的是强调这些模型的物理基础，而不是数学上的复杂性。回顾了在岩土工程中常规使用的软件包中编码的一些本构模型，并就其特定限制进行了讨论。实际应用示例用于说明常用模型的优点和陷阱。还简要介绍了岩土研究领域的最新发展。

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