This article investigates how most surgeons and surgeon-apothecaries in eighteenth-century Scotland earned a living. I argue that the evidence suggests that their main source of income was selling drugs and treating infectious diseases. Approximately, two-thirds of them practised without a licence. This situation came about because apprentices were not trained to do high-risk surgery, and the article discusses the problems Scottish surgeons faced in obtaining such training. These circumstances were not unique to Scotland. Where records exist, they indicate that very few eighteenth-century surgeons performed high-risk procedures such as amputation and lithotomy.
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