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Consequences of spring arrival dates for the breeding phenology of migratory warblers

机译：春季到来日期对迁徙莺繁殖物候的影响

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ABSTRACT Capsule Early male arrival on the breeding grounds results in early pairing but not early nesting in Chiffchaffs Phylloscopus collybita, and Chiffchaffs can nest, fail, and re-nest before Willow Warblers Phylloscopus trochilus begin nesting.Aims To quantify the consequences of timing of arrival for the subsequent timing of pairing, nesting, and re-nesting of short-distance (Chiffchaff) and long-distance (Willow Warbler) migrants.Methods The arrival dates of 118 Chiffchaffs and 20 Willow Warblers were measured from March to June over 10 weeks in Foxley Wood nature reserve, Norfolk. Colour-ringing of 56 Chiffchaffs (55 males, 1 female) and 11 Willow Warblers (10 males, 1 female) was used to relate individual arrival dates to timing of male pairing, clutch initiation, and re-nesting.Results Male Chiffchaffs started to arrive in early March and increased rapidly in number until early April, while the arrival of male Willow Warblers began in early April. Early-arriving male Chiffchaffs paired earlier than later-arriving individuals, but timing of clutch initiation was unrelated to male arrival dates. Early nesting by Chiffchaffs allowed replacement clutches following nest loss, the earliest of which occurred 12 days after the first Willow Warbler male had paired.Conclusions Although early arrival in male Chiffchaffs does not translate into earlier nesting, timing of nesting in Chiffchaffs was sufficiently early to allow time for replacement clutches following nest loss. The later arrival of Willow Warblers is likely to mean fewer opportunities for replacement clutches following nest loss. This difference in breeding phenology could therefore contribute to differences in productivity between the species, especially if nest failure rates are high.
机译：摘要 蒴果 雄性过早到达繁殖地会导致早期配对，但不会提前筑巢，雪糠可以在柳莺 Phylloscopus trochilus 开始筑巢之前筑巢、失败和重新筑巢。目的 量化到达时间对短距离（雪糠）和长距离（柳莺）迁徙者随后配对、筑巢和重新筑巢时间的影响。方法 在诺福克郡福克斯利森林自然保护区，对118只雪糠和20只柳莺的到达日期进行测量，时间为3—6月，历时10周。对 56 只雪糠（55 只雄性，1 只雌性）和 11 只柳莺（10 只雄性，1 只雌性）进行色环分析，将个体到达日期与雄性配对、离合器启动和重新筑巢的时间联系起来。结果 雄性柳糠于3月初开始到达，数量迅速增加，直至4月上旬，而雄性柳莺的到来始于4月初。早到的雄性Chiffchaffs比晚到的个体更早配对，但离合器启动的时间与雄性到达日期无关。Chiffchaffs的早期筑巢允许在巢穴丢失后进行替换，其中最早的一次发生在第一只雄性柳莺配对后12天。结论 虽然雄性雪糠的早到并不意味着更早筑巢，但雪糠的筑巢时间足够早，可以在巢丢失后有时间更换离合器。柳莺的较晚到来可能意味着在巢穴丢失后更换离合器的机会更少。因此，繁殖物候的这种差异可能导致物种之间生产力的差异，尤其是在巢穴失败率很高的情况下。

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