Despite the increasing number of women in surgical subspecialties, barriers to career advancement and salary increases persist, previously described as the “sticky floor, glass ceiling” phenomenon. A recent study found that female academic urologists published fewer papers than their male counterparts, were less likely to be promoted and had lower h-indices when compared to men. Prior work has suggested that the historically male-dominant culture of surgery influences a woman’s experience in residency training and throughout her career, with studies showing that men may receive more operative autonomy than women during their training and that trainees received different types of feedback based on their gender.3’4 It has also been shown that women have significantly lower salary expectations and are less likely to believe that they have the tools to successfully negotiate upon residency completion.5 Given the potential influence of gender on a variety of aspects of residency training, we explored how current urology residents perceive its impact. No a priori hypothesis was specified.
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