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首页> 外文期刊>Marine Ornithology >AT-COLONY BEHAVIOUR OF GREAT BLACK-BACKED GULLS LARUS MARINUS FOLLOWING BREEDING FAILURE
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AT-COLONY BEHAVIOUR OF GREAT BLACK-BACKED GULLS LARUS MARINUS FOLLOWING BREEDING FAILURE

机译：AT-COLONY BEHAVIOUR OF GREAT BLACK-BACKED GULLS LARUS MARINUS FOLLOWING BREEDING FAILURE

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Territoriality for breeding sites comes at an energetic cost-individuals actively defend the site from competitors and potential predators, thus precluding themselves from self-maintenance (e.g., foraging, preening) or offspring care. Breeding individuals are also constrained to centralplace foraging within a limited range of the territory. For these reasons, many seabirds do not spend extensive periods or make regular visits to the colony following breeding failure. To investigate behaviour following breeding failure, we studied colony and nest attendance and daily number of visits for six Great Black-backed Gulls Larus marinus that had failed to breed following global positioning system (GPS) tag attachment on the northeast coast of Newfoundland, Canada. Three failed breeders reduced colony and nest attendance by an average 6.32 h/d (95 confidence interval: 1.14) after the estimated date of failure. Conversely, three other failed breeders showed no decrease in attendance, and one individual increased colony attendance by 5.4 h/d. We predicted that failed breeders would be more likely to forage while attending the colony relative to active breeders (i.e., incubating or chick-rearing) due to their lack of offspring and territory to defend. During 18 two-hour nest watches of active and failed breeders, active breeders (n = 4) behaved more aggressively (e.g., predation, swooping) toward gulls at nearby sites in the colony, while failed breeders (n = 6) behaved mostly passively (e.g., preening, sitting, P = 0.029). Our findings indicate that failed breeders continue to attend the colony after breeding failure, indicating potential benefits (e.g., maintaining breeding territory and pair bonding). Our findings also reveal that using tracking data to indicate breeding failure may be misleading and, thus, we suggest researchers also use visual confirmation of breeding failure, when possible, in future studies. Finally, we warn researchers of the negative effects of tag attachment on gull reproductive success.

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