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首页> 外文期刊>Atmospheric chemistry and physics >Light-absorbing carbon in Europe - Measurement and modelling, with a focus on residential wood combustion emissions
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Light-absorbing carbon in Europe - Measurement and modelling, with a focus on residential wood combustion emissions

机译：欧洲的吸光碳-测量和建模，重点关注住宅木材燃烧排放

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The atmospheric concentration of elemental carbon (EC) in Europe during the six-year period 2005-2010 has been simulated with the EMEP MSC-W model. The model bias compared to EC measurements was less than 20% for most of the examined sites. The model results suggest that fossil fuel combustion is the dominant source of EC in most of Europe but that there are important contributions also from residential wood burning during the cold seasons and, during certain episodes, also from open biomass burning (wildfires and agricultural fires). The modelled contributions from open biomass fires to ground level concentrations of EC were small at the sites included in the present study, <3% of the long-term average of EC in PM10. The modelling of this EC source is subject to many uncertainties, and it was likely underestimated for some episodes. EC measurements and modelled EC were also compared to optical measurements of black carbon (BC). The relationships between EC and BC (as given by mass absorption cross section, MAC, values) differed widely between the sites, and the correlation between observed EC and BC is sometimes poor, making it difficult to compare results using the two techniques and limiting the comparability of BC measurements to model EC results. A new bottom-up emission inventory for carbonaceous aerosol from residential wood combustion has been applied. For some countries the new inventory has substantially different EC emissions compared to earlier estimates. For northern Europe the most significant changes are much lower emissions in Norway and higher emissions in neighbouring Sweden and Finland. For Norway and Sweden, comparisons to source-apportionment data from winter campaigns indicate that the new inventory may improve model-calculated EC from wood burning. Finally, three different model setups were tested with variable atmospheric lifetimes of EC in order to evaluate the model sensitivity to the assumptions regarding hygroscopicity and atmospheric ageing of EC. The standard ageing scheme leads to a rapid transformation of the emitted hydrophobic EC to hygroscopic particles, and generates similar results when assuming that all EC is aged at the point of emission. Assuming hydrophobic emissions and no ageing leads to higher EC concentrations. For the more remote sites, the observed EC concentration was in between the modelled EC using standard ageing and the scenario treating EC as hydrophobic. This could indicate too-rapid EC ageing in the model in relatively clean parts of the atmosphere.
机译：使用EMEP MSC-W模型模拟了2005年至2010年这六年期间欧洲的元素碳（EC）大气浓度。对于大多数检查部位，与EC测量值相比，模型偏差小于20％。模型结果表明，化石燃料燃烧是欧洲大部分地区的主要EC来源，但在寒冷季节，居民用木材燃烧以及某些时期的露天生物量燃烧（野火和农火）也有重要贡献。 。在本研究包括的地点，露天生物量火灾对EC的地面浓度的模拟贡献很小，不到PM10中EC长期平均值的3％。该EC来源的建模存在许多不确定性，在某些情况下可能被低估了。 EC测量值和模型EC也与黑碳（BC）的光学测量值进行了比较。部位之间EC和BC之间的关系（由质量吸收截面，MAC，值给出）差异很大，观察到的EC和BC之间的相关性有时很差，这使得很难使用这两种技术比较结果并限制了BC测量对EC结果建模的可比性。 应用了一种新的自下而上的自住宅木材燃烧产生的碳质气溶胶的排放清单。对于某些国家，与先前的估算相比，新清单的EC排放量有很大不同。对于北欧而言，最重要的变化是挪威的排放量大大减少，而邻国瑞典和芬兰的排放量却增加了。对于挪威和瑞典，与冬季运动中来源分配数据的比较表明，新清单可能会改善木材燃烧产生的模型计算的EC。 最后，在EC的可变大气寿命下测试了三种不同的模型设置，以便评估模型对EC的吸湿性和大气老化假设的敏感性。标准老化方案会导致排放的疏水EC迅速转变为吸湿性颗粒，并且在假定所有EC在排放点均已老化的情况下会产生相似的结果。假定疏水性排放且没有老化会导致较高的EC浓度。对于更偏远的站点，观察到的EC浓度介于使用标准老化的EC模型和将EC作为疏水性场景之间。这可能表明模型在相对清洁的大气层中EC老化过快。

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