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Evidence that rural wintering bird populations supplement suburban breeding populations

机译：农村越冬鸟类种群补充郊区繁殖种群的证据

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Capsule: Blue Tits Cyanistes caeruleus and Great Tits Parus major wintering in rural areas tended to move further to breed the following breeding season and more frequently cross the urban-rural boundary, than did those wintering in urban gardens. Aims: To explore and quantify the movements of birds from winter to breeding season locations across the urban-rural ecotone at the boundary of a large urban area. Methods: Birds were colour-ringed at rural and urban/suburban garden ringing sites during the winter. This was followed by breeding season surveys and resighting in the surrounding areas to quantify the movements of colour-ringed birds and changes in habitat selection between seasons. Results: Blue Tits and Great Tits ringed in winter in rural areas tended to move further and selected more urbanized breeding territories the following spring than did urban/suburban garden-ringed conspecifics. This shows that the populations were connected across the urban-rural ecotone by the seasonal movements of individuals, but that net movement was from rural wintering areas to urban breeding habitat. Conclusion: The results suggest that rural populations may not be subsidized by urban wintering birds and winter supplementary feeding, but that the resources in gardens within urban areas, perhaps spring/summer feeding and nestboxes, draw birds in to breed. Combined with independent evidence for lower breeding success in urban areas, this may show the operation of source-sink dynamics. The results suggest important implications for connections between populations, the conservation value of urban areas and potential for the spread of disease, but further work is required to extend evidence and inference to other regions and species. Nevertheless, the approach used here provides a scalable study model that can be applied in other contexts.
机译：蒴果：与在城市花园中越冬的蓝山雀相比，在农村地区主要越冬的蓝山雀和大山雀鹦鹉在下一个繁殖季节往往会进一步繁殖，并且更频繁地跨越城乡边界。目的：探索和量化鸟类从冬季到繁殖季节在大型城市地区边界的城乡生态带的运动。方法：冬季在农村和城市/郊区花园环形地点对鸟类进行色环。随后在周边地区进行繁殖季节调查和重新定位，以量化色环鸟的运动和季节之间栖息地选择的变化。结果：与城市/郊区的花园环状同种相比，农村地区冬季环状的蓝山雀和大山雀倾向于进一步移动，并在第二年春天选择更多的城市化繁殖地。这表明，种群通过个体的季节性移动在城乡生态带中连接，但净迁移是从农村越冬区到城市繁殖栖息地。结论： 结果表明，城市越冬鸟类和冬季补充喂养可能不对农村种群进行补贴，但城市园内的资源，可能是春夏觅食和巢箱，吸引了鸟类繁殖。结合城市地区育种成功率较低的独立证据，这可能表明了源汇动态的运作。这些结果表明，这些研究对种群之间的联系、城市地区的保护价值和疾病传播的可能性具有重要意义，但还需要进一步的工作，将证据和推论扩展到其他地区和物种。然而，这里使用的方法提供了一个可扩展的研究模型，可以应用于其他环境。

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