Finds of pollen and macrofossils ofRhamnus frangulaL. from Eem and Holocene are discussed and compared with the present pollen production and dispersal of the species, and its present distribution. It is presumed that there was little difference between the potential distribution area ofR. frangulaand its actual geographical range because of its rapid spread during Preboreal and Boreal in South Norway. A small, temporary expansion ofR. frangulaoccurred around 5 500 BP in a mountain valley in W Norway. A simultaneous local expansion of the species has been registered in Vestvågøy, Nordland county, N Norway. In these two areas, which are outside its present distribution, the maximum ofR. frangulais dated to between 5 000 and 4 800 BP. The maxima ofR. frangulain profiles from other Norwegian areas are discussed. Factors such as changes in climatic condition, in–filling stages of local successions in the sedimentation basins, or human activity may explain the differences fo
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