Stiffness anisotropy in general can be classified into stress-induced anisotropy due to anisotropic stress states, and fabric-induced or inherent anisotropy caused by the geometry of the soil particles and soil packing (Wang et al., 2008). Natural granular soils comprised of non-cohesive grains display stiffness anisotropy due to fabric-induced anisotropy of soil structure. However, the underlying mechanisms of fabric-induced anisotropy have not been thoroughly discussed in previous studies.
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