The design, construction and management of waterways have traditionally been based on hydraulic engineering principles. Design procedures generally utilize open channel flow equations, and hydrologic and hydraulic routing equations. Hydraulic capacity, conveyance and evacuation of flood flows have been the primary objectives in system design. Some hydraulic structures have damaged aquatic habitats.To obtain environmental sustainability, there is now increased pressure to ensure that ecological factors are considered in river basin development and management projects. The above computational methods, as well as computer simulation models of river hydraulics lack ecological parameters. Waterways including large international rivers such as the Nile are unique ecosystems, which provide habitats for aquatic biota.Therefore, hydrologic and hydraulic modifications to waterways should seek to protect and enhance aquatic species. This paper outlines the ecological variables that ought to be considered in the design and management of waterways. The need to maintain meanders, and certain channel shapes, slopes and depths are discussed. It is important to protect and encourage certain types of vegetation for fish habitats. Methods of incorporating water quality objectives are also presented. Finally, the importance of designing hydraulic structures in rivers and along embankments that protect aquatic species will be discussed.
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