Chronic complications of diabetes mellitus are divided into three categories. These are macrovascular disease, microvascular disease, and neuropathies. Although the mechanisms according for the development of diabetic complications are probably multifactorial, most physicians accept a correlation between the degree and duration of hyperglycemia and complications. Nephropathy is one of the most serious complications of diabetes mellitus. For the last 2 years, patients with diabetic nephropathy constituted the largest fraction (about 1/3) of the subjects entering end-stage renal disease treatment in Japan. Renal failure leads to derangements in mineral and bone metabolism. Hyperparathyroidism with vascular calcification is one of the important risk factors for the atherosclerosis.
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