A number of chemicals present in the environment have been shown to mimic or antagonize the actions of steroid hormones, an issue often described as "endocrine disruption/modulation". There is very little evidence, however, to support thehypothesis that exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals is a global environmental health problem. In this paper, we demonstrate a high incidence of intersexuality in wild populations of riverine fish (roach; Rutilus rutilus) throughout the UnitedKingdom. These reproductive disturbances are consistent with exposure to hormonally active substances and are associated with discharges from sewage treatment works that are known to contain estrogenic chemicals. This is the first documented example of awidespread sexual disruption in wild populations of any vertebrate and indicates that reproductive and developmental effects do result from exposure to ambient levels of chemicals present in typical British rivers.
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