The traditional 2D adjustment model serves the objective of producing mapping coordinates.. A shortcoming of this model is the requirement to reduce original observations (directions, distances) to let them fit into the model. Even more serious is the inability of the model to properly handle GPS observations (baselines, coordinates). A full 3D approach can effectively tackle both problems, even in the case of 2D applications. The 3D geodetic model is presented in a suqh way as to perceive its merits without an exposition of mathematical formulae.
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