Brachial plexus surgical treatment, though complex, has evolved substantially over the past 40 years as technology and microsurgical techniques have continued to improve. Options for repair, depending on the type and level of injury, include neurolysis, direct repair, nerve grafting, nerve transfer, arthrodesis, and muscle and tendon transfer. A comprehensive review of the indications, preoperative work-up, and surgical approach is presented, along with outcomes, complications, and postoperative management. We conclude with a discussion of the evaluation and management of patients with thoracic outlet syndrome.
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