ABSTRACTA selected group of 195 oils from the Spanish “Toxic Oil” Syndrome (TOS) epidemic including 29 high‐probability “case” and 64 “control” oils were examined to investigate the relationship between oil composition and the risk of TOS. As indicated by fatty acid and sterol patterns, the presence of rapeseed oil was significantly more prevalent in the case than in the control oils, but fatty acid anilides were the most useful markers of case‐related samples. Anilides were detected in 62 of case oils and at lower concentrations in 23 of the control samples. The ratios of individual anilides were quite constant in these oils and most consistent with their formation in the original (undilute
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