Eocene habitat shift from saline to freshwater promoted Tethyan amphipod diversification

Hou Z.; Sket B.; Fisěr C.Lia S.

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Eocene habitat shift from saline to freshwater promoted Tethyan amphipod diversification

机译：Eocene habitat shift from saline to freshwater promoted Tethyan amphipod diversification

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Current theory predicts that a shift to a new habitat would increase the rate of diversification, while as lineages evolve into multiple species, intensified competition would decrease the rate of diversification. We used Holarctic amphipods of the genus Gammarus to test this hypothesis.We sequenced four genes (5,088 bp) for 289 samples representing 115 Gammarus species. A phylogenetic analysis showed that Gammarus originated from the Tethyan region with a saline ancestry in the Paleocene, and later colonized the freshwater habitat in the Middle Eocene. Ancestral range reconstruction and diversification mode analysis combined with paleogeological and paleoclimatic evidence suggested that the habitat shift from saline to freshwater led to an increased diversification rate. The saline lineage of Gammarus dispersed to both sides of the Atlantic at 55 million years ago (Ma), because of the few barriers between the Tethys and the Atlantic, and diversified throughout its evolutionary history with a constant diversification rate 0.04 species per million years (sp/My). The freshwater Gammarus, however, underwent a rapid diversification phase (0.11 sp/My) until the Middle Miocene, and lineages successively diversified across Eurasia via vicariance process likely driven by changes of the Tethys and landmass. In particular, the freshwater Gammarus lacustris and Gammarus balcanicus lineages had a relatively high diversification shift, corresponding to the regression of the Paratethys Sea and the continentalization of Eurasian lands during the Miocene period. Subsequently (14 Ma), the diversification rate of the freshwater Gammarus decreased to 0.05 and again to 0.01 sp/My. The genus Gammarus provides an excellent aquatic case supporting the hypothesis that ecological opportunities promote diversification.

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《Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America》 |2011年第35期|14533-14538|共6页
作者
Hou Z.; Sket B.; Fisěr C.Lia S.;
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作者单位

Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;

Oddelek za Biologijo, Biotehni?ka Fakulteta, Univerza v Ljubljani, SI-1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia;

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收录信息美国《科学引文索引》(SCI);美国《生物学医学文摘》(MEDLINE);美国《化学文摘》(CA);
原文格式 PDF
正文语种英语
中图分类自然科学总论;
关键词
Evolution; Molecular dating; Range expansion;

Eocene habitat shift from saline to freshwater promoted Tethyan amphipod diversification

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