The general characteristics are compared for the plane, convex, and concave fixed crystal analyzers which may be applied to the spectrometry of concentrated, intense plasma sources of x radiation involved, for example, in fusion energy and xhyphen;ray laser research. The unique advantages of the elliptical analyzer for precise and absolute spectral measurements are noted and detailed descriptions of its geometrical and physical optics are presented. With a source point at one of the foci of the elliptical analyzer profile, the spectrum is Bragg reflected (45deg;2thgr;135deg;) at normal incidence upon a detection circle with its center at the second focal point, at which an effective scatter aperture and filter window is located. A primary monochromator consisting of a cylindrical, grazinghyphen;incidence mirror is placed between the source and the analyzer to provide an efficient cutoff for highhyphen;order diffracted background radiation and to focus the divergent rays so as to obtain an adjustable spectral line length at the detection circle. Photographic film may be transported along the detection circle. Linear positionhyphen;sensitive electronic detection arrays or a streak camera slit window may be placed along a chord of the detection circle. Calibration procedures for absolute line and continuum intensity measurement are described and examples of calibrating spectra are presented as measured with elliptical analyzers of LiF, PET, KAP, and molecular multilayers for the 80ndash;8000hyphen;eV photon energy region. The instrumental effects that contribute to the spectral line shape as measured by the elliptical analyzer spectrograph are defined and a simple linehyphen;shape analysis procedure is presented for the determination of the linehyphen;broadening contributions of the source. The effects of an offhyphen;axis positioning of a source point and of an extended source are analyzed and the application of the elliptical analyzer spectrograph for onehyphen; and twohyphen;dimensional imaging or an extended source at a given photon energy is discussed. Finally, methods and materials for the construction of the elliptical analyzers are described.
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