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Optical design gives panoramic views

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Many surveillance, security, robot-navigation, and endoscope systems require capture of 360° images of surrounding objects. To meet this demand, some companies now offer a variety of imaging systems that vary in both design concept and price/performance (see table on p. 14). These systems can use multiple cameras, rotating optical devices, panoramic lenses, and nonplanar and planar mirrors. More often than not, low-cost approaches use a single stationary camera with either a fisheye or panoramic lens or with a normal lens looking off a nonplanar mirror. Because these approaches use a single image sensor, the resolution is inherently lower than multiple-camera designs. "In addition," says Vic Nalwa, president of FullView (Holmdel, NJ, USA; www.fullview.com), "reflections off nonplanar mirrors generally result in blurred images due to optical aberrations introduced by the mirrors." Some other designs use a single rotating camera to create a single wide-field-of-view image, but these designs are generally unsuitable for non-stationary scenes as moving objects appear distorted, fragmented, or even missing.

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