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>Experimental assessment of new designed stepped solar still with Fe3O4 + graphene oxide + paraffin as nanofluid under constant magnetic field
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Experimental assessment of new designed stepped solar still with Fe3O4 + graphene oxide + paraffin as nanofluid under constant magnetic field
? 2023 Elsevier LtdAccess to fresh water is one of the most vital needs of human society. The use of solar energy as free and available energy in solar desalination can meet this important need. A new stepped solar still (SSS) with 3 absorber sections and an evaporative part to prevent the complete saturation of the device space, is designed and constructed. The main purpose of this experimental research is to enhance the production rate of the modified stepped solar still (SSS) through additional materials. To increase the daily production rate, the SSS has been tested and optimized in 4 different states, namely State I) simple SSS, State II) SSS with phase change material (PCM), State III) SSS with hybrid Nano phase change material (NPCM), State IV) SSS with hybrid NPCM under magnetic field. The PCM and hybrid NPCM have been used as a source of thermal energy storage in rectangular chambers under each step to continue the desalination of water when the sun sets. After conducting the tests, it was found that the distillate yield in State II, State III, and State IV enhanced by 37 , 75 , and 98 , respectively, as compared to State I. The thermal conductivity of hybrid NPCM has been improved by the utilization of a constant magnetic field. The daily efficiency of State I, State II, and State III was about 6.9 , 9.6 , and 12.3 , respectively, and reaches 13.6 by using hybrid NPCM under the magnetic field. By considering the cost per liter and payback period of freshwater yield, it can be derived that the usage of hybrid NPCM under the magnetic field in the SSS is a cost-effective choice. The impact of using PCM, hybrid NPCM, and magnetic field in the SSS is obvious by the comparison between the four states of experiments.
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