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首页> 外文期刊>Physica Scripta: An International Journal for Experimental and Theoretical Physics >The Manhattan Project
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The Manhattan Project

机译：曼哈顿计划

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The Manhattan Project was the United States Army's program to develop and deploy nuclear weapons during World War II. In these devices, which are known popularly as 'atomic bombs', energy is released not by a chemical explosion but by the much more violent process of fission of nuclei of heavy elements via a neutron-mediated chain-reaction. Three years after taking on this project in mid-1942, the Army's Manhattan Engineer District produced three nuclear bombs of two different designs. Two of these devices were fueled with the 239 isotope of the synthetic element plutonium, while the third employed the rare 235 isotope of uranium. One of the plutonium devices, code-named Trinity, was detonated in a test in southern New Mexico on 16 July 1945; this was the world's first nuclear explosion. Three weeks later, on 6 August, the uranium bomb, Little Boy, was dropped on the Japanese city of Hiroshima. On 9 August the second plutonium device, Fat Man, was dropped on Nagasaki. Together, the two bombings killed over 100 000 people and were at least partially responsible for the Japanese government's 14 August decision to surrender. This article surveys, at an undergraduate level, the science and history of the Manhattan Project.
机译：曼哈顿计划是第二次世界大战期间美国陆军开发和部署核武器的计划。在这些通常被称为“原子弹”的装置中，能量的释放不是通过化学爆炸，而是通过中子介导的链反应，通过更剧烈的重元素原子核裂变过程来释放。在1942年中期接受该项目三年后，陆军的曼哈顿工程师区生产了三枚两种不同设计的核弹。这些装置中的两个使用了合成元素p的239同位素，而第三个使用了稀有的235铀。 1945年7月16日，在新墨西哥州南部的一次爆炸中，一种代号为Trinity的p装置被引爆。这是世界上第一次核爆炸。三个星期后，即8月6日，铀炸弹“小男孩”被扔到了日本广岛市。 8月9日，第二个p装置“胖子”掉落在长崎。这两次爆炸一起造成超过10万人丧生，至少部分原因是日本政府8月14日决定投降。本文在本科阶段调查了曼哈顿计划的科学和历史。

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