At the turn of the 20th century, German scientists led the world. Four decades later, their nation's reputation in the field was only a husk of what it had been. The cause of this transformation was the Nazi rise to power in 1933, which went on to precipitate one of the biggest intellectual migrations in history. Many hundreds of scientists, most of them Jewish, fled Germany in the years that followed. As well as diminishing German science, their departure also shifted the focus of world science westwards across the Atlantic.
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